ja

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"

Translingual

Symbol

ja

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Japanese.

English

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Afrikaans ja (“yes”), from Dutch ja (“yes”). More at yea.

Alternative forms

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

  1. (chiefly South Africa, informal) Yes.
    • 1940, Penguin Parade (issue 7, page 25)
      Ja, he had been fooled and it was not pleasant for a man to go home and tell his wife that he been verneuked.
Derived terms

Etymology 2

From the Revised Romanization of Korean 자 (ja).

Alternative forms

Noun

ja (plural jas or ja)

  1. (Korean units of measure) Synonym of Korean foot: a traditional unit of length equivalent to about 30.3 cm.

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Etymology

From Dutch ja.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jaː/
  • Audio(file)

Adverb

ja

  1. yes

Descendants

  • → English: ja
  • → Portuguese: iá, yá, ya

Alemannic German

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, Dutch ja, English yea, Swedish ja.

Adverb

ja

  1. (Uri) yes

References

Assan

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Yeniseian *axʷ (“I”). Compare Kott ai (“I”), Pumpokol ad (“I”), and Arin aj.

Pronoun

ja

  1. I (first-person singular subjective)

Synonyms

Related terms

Atong (India)

Etymology

Cognate with Garo ja (“moon, month”).

Noun

ja

  1. month
  2. moon

References

Bavarian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Cognate with German ja.

Pronunciation

Interjection

ja

  1. yes
    Antonym: naa

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Latin iam.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. already, (in negative sentences) any more
  2. now, immediately, at once

Derived terms

Further reading

  • “ja” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Central Melanau

Central Melanau cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : ja

Alternative forms

Numeral

ja

  1. one

Synonyms

Cimbrian

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā, from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja. Cognate with German ja, English yea.

Particle

ja

  1. (Sette Comuni) yes

References

  • “ja” in Martalar, Umberto Martello; Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Danish

Etymology

From Old Norse já (“yes”).

Pronunciation

Interjection

ja

  1. yes

Antonyms

Related terms

Noun

ja n (singular definite jaet, plural indefinite jaer)

  1. yes

Inflection

Declension of ja
neuter
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ja jaet jaer jaerne
genitive jas jaets jaers jaernes

Dimasa

Noun

já

  1. foot

Derived terms

Dutch

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ja, from Old Dutch *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. yes
    Wil je met ons meegaan? — Ja, graag!
    Would you like to come with us? — Yes, I'd love to!

Synonyms

Antonyms

Derived terms

Noun

ja m or n (plural ja's, diminutive jaatje n)

  1. yes
    Een ja kan je krijgen, een nee heb je al.
    A yes you can get, a no you already have.
    Het begon met een ja...
    It began with a yes...

Synonyms

Antonyms

Interjection

ja

  1. yes!
    Synonym: yes
    "Ja!" riep hij luid toen er een doelpunt viel.
    Yes! he screamed loudly when they scored a goal.
  2. (Suriname, informal) A casual greeting acknowledging the presence of a person; hey, hi, what's up
  3. (Suriname, informal) Used as a request for someone to repeat something not heard or understood clearly; say again, what's that

Descendants

  • Afrikaans: ja
  • Indonesian: ya
  • Berbice Creole Dutch: ja
  • Jersey Dutch: jâ
  • Negerhollands: ja, ju
  • Skepi Creole Dutch: ja
  • → Saramaccan: jahái, jaái

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from German ja. Compare Polish jo, Yiddish יאָ‎ (yo), English yea. Related to jes.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. indeed
    • 2015, Kalle Kniivilä, “Sopiro al Sovetio [Yearning for the Soviet Union]”, in Krimeo estas nia [Crimea is ours]:
      Sed la bona soveta tempo neniam revenos. Ĝi ja neniam ekzistis.
      But the good Soviet times will never return, because they never existed.
      (literally, “But the good Soviet time will never come back. It indeed never existed.”)

Related terms

  • do (“therefore, indeed, so”)
  • ekzakte (“exactly”)
  • fakte (“factually”)
  • ĝuste (“just, right, exactly”)
  • jese (“yes, exactly”)
  • reale (“really, actually”)
  • vere (“truly”)

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ja, from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”); compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh.

Conjunction

ja

  1. and

Synonyms

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. yes

Antonyms

Related terms

Noun

ja n (genitive singular jas, plural ja)

  1. yes

Declension

Declension of ja
n3 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative ja jaið ja jaini
accusative ja jaið ja jaini
dative jai jainum jaum jaunum
genitive jas jasins jaa jaanna

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *ja (compare Estonian ja, Ingrian ja, Livonian ja, Votic ja), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”) (compare Gothic 𐌾𐌰𐌷 (jah), Old High German ja, joh).

Pronunciation

Conjunction

ja

  1. (coordinating) and

Usage notes

  • On the differences between ja and sekä:
    • ja can be used more widely than sekä. As an example, sekä may not be used to join two independent clauses.
    • sekä has a nuance of the things being more separate than with ja. If both words are used, ja ties things closer together than sekä.
      mansikka- ja vadelmahillo sekä muut hedelmäsäilykkeet ― strawberry and raspberry jam as well as other fruit preserves
      Vaahdota voi sekä sokeri ja sekoita joukkoon kuivat aineet. ― Cream the butter and sugar, and mix in the dry ingredients.
    • In legal language, ja and sekä are distinguished more clearly. sekä is considered "stronger" than ja. For example, an attribute specified before a list will apply to every item with ja, but not with sekä.
      paineella tyhjennettävät ja täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure = containers that are both filled and emptied under pressure
      paineella tyhjennettävät sekä täytettävät säiliöt ― containers that can be filled and emptied under pressure = containers that are emptied under pressure, and which can be filled either under pressure or not

Synonyms

  • sekä (see the above usage notes)

Noun

ja

  1. AND (logic gate or connector)

Declension

Rarely inflected; if inflection is necessary, it is used as a first component in a compound, such as JA-portti ("AND gate").

Inflection of ja (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation)
nominative ja jat
genitive jan jaiden
jaitten
partitive jata jaita
illative jahan jaihin
singular plural
nominative ja jat
accusative nom. ja jat
gen. jan
genitive jan jaiden
jaitten
partitive jata jaita
inessive jassa jaissa
elative jasta jaista
illative jahan jaihin
adessive jalla jailla
ablative jalta jailta
allative jalle jaille
essive jana jaina
translative jaksi jaiksi
instructive — jain
abessive jatta jaitta
comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of ja (type rosé)
first-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative jani jani
accusative nom. jani jani
gen. jani
genitive jani jaideni
jaitteni
partitive jatani jaitani
inessive jassani jaissani
elative jastani jaistani
illative jahani jaihini
adessive jallani jaillani
ablative jaltani jailtani
allative jalleni jailleni
essive janani jainani
translative jakseni jaikseni
instructive — —
abessive jattani jaittani
comitative — jaineni
second-person singular possessor
singular plural
nominative jasi jasi
accusative nom. jasi jasi
gen. jasi
genitive jasi jaidesi
jaittesi
partitive jatasi jaitasi
inessive jassasi jaissasi
elative jastasi jaistasi
illative jahasi jaihisi
adessive jallasi jaillasi
ablative jaltasi jailtasi
allative jallesi jaillesi
essive janasi jainasi
translative jaksesi jaiksesi
instructive — —
abessive jattasi jaittasi
comitative — jainesi
first-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative jamme jamme
accusative nom. jamme jamme
gen. jamme
genitive jamme jaidemme
jaittemme
partitive jatamme jaitamme
inessive jassamme jaissamme
elative jastamme jaistamme
illative jahamme jaihimme
adessive jallamme jaillamme
ablative jaltamme jailtamme
allative jallemme jaillemme
essive janamme jainamme
translative jaksemme jaiksemme
instructive — —
abessive jattamme jaittamme
comitative — jainemme
second-person plural possessor
singular plural
nominative janne janne
accusative nom. janne janne
gen. janne
genitive janne jaidenne
jaittenne
partitive jatanne jaitanne
inessive jassanne jaissanne
elative jastanne jaistanne
illative jahanne jaihinne
adessive jallanne jaillanne
ablative jaltanne jailtanne
allative jallenne jaillenne
essive jananne jainanne
translative jaksenne jaiksenne
instructive — —
abessive jattanne jaittanne
comitative — jainenne
third-person possessor
singular plural
nominative jansa jansa
accusative nom. jansa jansa
gen. jansa
genitive jansa jaidensa
jaittensa
partitive jataan
jatansa 		jaitaan
jaitansa
inessive jassaan
jassansa 		jaissaan
jaissansa
elative jastaan
jastansa 		jaistaan
jaistansa
illative jahansa jaihinsa
adessive jallaan
jallansa 		jaillaan
jaillansa
ablative jaltaan
jaltansa 		jailtaan
jailtansa
allative jalleen
jallensa 		jailleen
jaillensa
essive janaan
janansa 		jainaan
jainansa
translative jakseen
jaksensa 		jaikseen
jaiksensa
instructive — —
abessive jattaan
jattansa 		jaittaan
jaittansa
comitative — jaineen
jainensa

References

  1. ^ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN

Further reading

Garo

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

ja

  1. month

Synonyms

German

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”), from Proto-Indo-European *yē (“already”). Cognate with Dutch ja (“yes”), English yea (“yes, yea”), Spanish ya (“already”), and Latin iam (“already”). More at yes.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (Standard, overall more common)
  • IPA(key): (standard, overall less common)
  • audio(file)
  • Audio(file)
  • IPA(key): (Austrian German)
  • IPA(key): (Austrian German, common in casual speech as an influence of the Austro-Bavarian language)
  • Rhymes: -aː
  • Homophone: Jahr (according to a widespread pronunciation of this word)

Adverb

ja

  1. yes; yea, yeah, aye
    Synonym: jawohl
    Willst du das? Ja. ― Do you want that? Yes.
    Aber ja! ― Yes, of course!
  2. (intensifier) obviously; certainly; of course; really; just; as you know; as is generally known (indicates and emphasises that one is expressing a known fact)
    Synonyms: doch, bekanntlich
    Es kann ja nicht immer so bleiben. ― It obviously cannot always remain so.
    Der Peter war ja gestern krank. ― Peter was sick yesterday, as you know.

Usage notes

  • (yes): Ja is used to indicate agreement with a positive statement. To contradict a negative statement (where English would use “yes”), doch is used instead.
  • (obviously): Ja means roughly the same as English obviously or as you know, but given its shortness it is used much more frequently. In colloquial German, ja is used in most statements of facts already known to the one addressed.

Antonyms

Derived terms

Interjection

ja

  1. yes
    Synonym: jawohl
    Antonym: nein

Further reading

  • “ja” in Duden online
  • “ja” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Gothic

Romanization

ja

  1. Romanization of 𐌾𐌰

Guerrero Amuzgo

Adjective

ja

  1. heavy

Pronoun

ja

  1. I

Gutnish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ek. Compare Swedish jag.

Alternative forms

  • jag (Fårö and Lau dialects)

Pronoun

ja

  1. I (first-person singular pronoun)
Inflection
inflection of "ja"
subject ja
object mi
possessive min, mein, mitt, meine

Etymology 2

From Old Norse já.

Adverb

ja

  1. yes
Usage notes

Uncertain or stalling answer; jo is used for yes-no questions

Related terms
  • (used for yes-no questions) jo, jå (Lau dialect)

Interjection

ja

  1. yes

References

  • "ja" in Gutamålgildes Årdliste
  • "ja in Gustavson, H. (red.). 1972-1986. Ordbok över Laumålet på Gotland. Uppsala: AB Lundequistska Bokhandeln.

Hausa

Pronunciation

Adjective

jā (feminine jā, plural jājā̀yē)

  1. red

Hungarian

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): , (the long pronunciation is used in case of great surprise)
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -jɒ

Interjection

ja

  1. (informal) yep (indicates agreement, approval, or understanding)
    Synonyms: aha, ühüm, jaja
    Jössz holnap a meccsre? – Ja.
    “Are you coming to the game tomorrow?” “Yep.”
  2. (informal) oh (indicates understanding something finally after a misunderstanding or confusion)
    Este nem jár a vonat. – Ja, hát akkor menjünk busszal!
    “No train is leaving in the evening.” “Oh, well then let's travel by bus!”
    Ezt nem is Miki küldte! – Ja, lehet, hogy én értettem félre.
    “This was not sent by Miki!” “Oh, then I must have misunderstood it.”

Further reading

  • (yep, oh): ja in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
  • (indeed, actually, as a matter of fact): ja in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN

Ido

Etymology

Borrowed from French déjà, Italian già, Spanish ya, from Latin iam, replacing Esperanto jam which is cognate. Decision no. 987, Progreso VI.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. already
    Lu ja dormeskis.
    He/she has already fallen asleep.

Derived terms

  • ne ja (“not yet; not even”)

Related terms

References

  • Progreso III (in Ido), 1910–1911, pages 557, 691
  • Progreso VI (in Ido), 1913–1914, page 164

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *ja. Cognates include Finnish ja and Estonian ja.

Pronunciation

Conjunction

ja

  1. and
    • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:
      Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.
      Kiko and Miko are already swimming.
Synonyms

Adverb

ja

  1. also, too
    • 1936, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 3:
      On meil hyvät mașinistat -
      paravozat ollaa ja.
      We have good engine drivers -
      we have steam locomotives, too.
Synonyms
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Ultimately from a Germanic language, from Proto-Germanic *ja (compare Swedish ja and German ja). Cognates include Finnish jaa and Estonian jah, jaa.

Pronunciation

Particle

ja

  1. yes
    • 1936, V. I. Junus, N. A. Iljin, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (toine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 42:
      Onok se maa teil?
      - Ja, ono.
      Is that your land?
      Yes, it is.
Synonyms
Antonyms

References

  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 99
  • Olga I. Konkova; Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎, →ISBN, page 79

Japanese

Romanization

ja

  1. Rōmaji transcription of じゃ
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ジャ
  3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢゃ
  4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂャ

Latvian

Pronunciation

This entry needs audio files. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

Conjunction

ja

  1. if
  2. in case

Lithuanian

Pronoun

ja f

  1. third-person singular instrumental of ji

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronoun

ja sg

  1. I

Declension

Declension of the first-person pronouns
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ja mej my
Genitive mě
(after preposition) mnjo 		naju nas
Dative mě
(after preposition) mnjo 		nama nam
Accusative mě
(after preposition) mnjo 		naju nas
Instrumental mnu nama nami
Locative mnjo nama nas
Possessive determiner mój naju naš

Lule Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Conjunction

ja

  1. and

Further reading

  • Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Maltese

Etymology

From Arabic يَا‎ (yā).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jaː/
  • Usually unstressed and then automatically shortened to /ja/.

Particle

ja

  1. vocative particle; oh!; you!
    Ja Mulejja! ― Oh my Lord!
    Ja iblah! ― You idiot!

Usage notes

  • While not obligatory even in standard Arabic, the vocative particle is predominantly omitted in Maltese. It does remain a common word, however, especially when equivalent to English “you”.

Maquiritari

Etymology

From Proto-Cariban *pa (“grandchild”).

Pronunciation

Noun

ja (obligatorily possessed; possessed jadü)

  1. grandchild
  2. sibling’s grandchild; grandnephew or grandniece

References

  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “ja”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana, Lyon
  • Hall, Katherine Lee (1988), “ha:dü”, in The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volume I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, page 289
  • Hall, Katherine (2007), “hādɨ”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors, The Intercontinental Dictionary Series‎, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published 2021
  • Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012) Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, page 62–65, 71, 75

Mbati

Noun

ja

  1. drought, famine

References

  • LePage, Sarah Gloria (2020) "The phonology of Mbati"‎, University of North Dakota

North Frisian

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ja

  1. (Sylt and Mooring) they

Synonyms

  • djo (Heligolandic)
  • jo (Amrum and Fering)
  • jä (Halligen, Hoorning and Wiedingharde)

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Pronunciation

Conjunction

ja

  1. and

Further reading

  • Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Northern Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Verb

ja

  1. to eat

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse já.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. yes

Antonyms

Related terms

Interjection

ja

  1. yes

Noun

ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja or jaer, definite plural jaa or jaene)

  1. yes

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse já.

Adverb

ja

  1. yes

Antonyms

Related terms

Interjection

ja

  1. yes

Noun

ja n (definite singular jaet, indefinite plural ja, definite plural jaa)

  1. yes

References

Old French

Etymology

From Latin iam.

Pronunciation

Adverb

ja

  1. already
  2. as soon as possible
  3. quickly
  4. (with "ne") never

References

  • Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l’ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (ja)

Old Polish

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE) /jaː/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE) /jɒ/

Etymology 1

Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. First attested in the 13th century.

Pronoun

ja

  1. first-person pronoun; I
Declension
Declension of ja
singular
nominative ja, jaz
genitive mnie, mienie, mie, mię, mnię
dative mnie, mienie, minie, mie, mi, mni, ni
accusative mnie, mię, mie, mnię, nię, mi
instrumental mną
locative mnie
Descendants

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Interjection

ja

  1. (reduplicated) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
    1. the name of some idol

References

Pennsylvania German

Alternative forms

Etymology

Compare German ja, Dutch ja, Swedish ja.

Interjection

ja

  1. yes, yeah

Pite Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *jahw (“and”).

Conjunction

ja

  1. and

Further reading

  • ja in Bidumsáme Báhkogirrje (“Pite Sami word list”)
  • Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

Pnar

Etymology

From Proto-Khasian *ʤaː. Cognate with Khasi ja.

Pronunciation

Noun

ja

  1. cooked rice

Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ja, from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Doublet of ego.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ja

  1. first-person pronoun; I
    Ja chcę mieć przyjaciół. ― I want to have friends.

Usage notes

Mute forms ("mię", "mi") cannot be used in accented positions in the sentence. "Mię" is considered dated in standard Polish, but can still be heard commonly in some dialects or in colloquial speech.

Declension

Declension of ja
singular plural
nominative ja my
genitive mnie/mię nas
dative mnie/mi nam
accusative mnie/mię nas
instrumental mną nami
locative mnie nas
vocative — —

Derived terms

noun
particle

See also

Trivia

According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), ja is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 16 times in scientific texts, 2 times in news, 84 times in essays, 892 times in fiction, and 2034 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 3028 times, making it the 15th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.

References

  1. ^ Ida Kurcz (1990), “ja”, in Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków; Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page 159

Further reading

  • ja in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • ja in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • “ja”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish], 2010-2023
  • “JA”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 04.09.2019
  • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807-1814), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego
  • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
  • J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “ja”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 119

Portuguese

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

  1. Obsolete spelling of já

Russenorsk

Etymology

From Russian я (ja). May also be a Russianized form of Danish jeg or Swedish jag.

Pronoun

ja

  1. I (pronoun)

Synonyms

References

  • Ingvild Broch; Ernst H. Jahr (1984) Russenorsk: Et pidginspråk i Norge [Russenorsk: The pidgin language in Norway], 2 edition, Oslo: Novus Forlag

Rwanda-Rundi

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-gɪ̀a.

Verb

-ja (infinitive kuja, perfective -gīye)

  1. (Kirundi) to go to

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *ēź-, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

This entry needs audio files. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record some and upload them. (For audio required quickly, visit WT:APR.)

Pronoun

jȃ (Cyrillic spelling ја̑)

  1. I
    Ja sam učio. ― I have studied.
Declension
Declension of ja
singular plural
nominative jȃ mȋ
genitive mȅne, me nȃs
dative mȅni, mi nȁma, nam
accusative mȅne, me nȃs
vocative — mȋ
locative mȅni nȁma
instrumental mnȏm, mnóme nȁma

Etymology 2

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

Adverb

jȁ (Cyrillic spelling ја̏)

  1. (colloquial, regional) yes, yeah

Etymology 3

Interjection

ja

  1. Archaic form of jao.
    • 1891, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić, Srpske narodne pjesme:
      Ja Ivane, mio pobratime!
      O woe, Ivan, dear blood-brother!

Silesian

Etymology

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈja/
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: ja

Particle

ja

  1. yes
    Antonym: niy

Further reading

  • ja in silling.org

Slovak

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)a, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ja

  1. I (first person singular)

Usage notes

  • Following prepositions, ma and mi are replaced by mňa and mne respectively.

Declension

Declension of ja
singular plural
nominative ja my
genitive mňa, ma nás
dative mne, mi nám
accusative mňa, ma nás
locative mne nás
instrumental mnou nami

Related terms

Slovak personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person ja my
2nd person familiar ty vy
polite vy
3rd person m on oni*
f ona ony
n ono
reflexive seba, sa (clitic)
* animate referents only, for inanimate ones ony is used.

See also

References

  • ja in Slovak dictionaries at slovnik.juls.savba.sk

Anagrams

Slovene

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German ja.

Pronunciation

Particle

jā

  1. (informal) yes
    Synonym: dȁ
    Antonym: nȅ

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ja

  1. (dialectal) Alternative form of jȁz
    Ja sem Slovenec. ― I am Slovenian.

Further reading

  • “ja”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran

Sotho

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-dɪ́a.

Verb

ja

  1. to eat

Spanish

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈxa/
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: ja

Interjection

ja

  1. representation of laughter, ha
    Also used repeatedly: jaja, jajaja

Derived terms

Further reading

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jìja. Compare Zulu -za.

Pronunciation

Verb

-ja (infinitive kuja)

  1. to come
  2. going to (followed by an infinitive, future, or subjunctive verb)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ja
Positive present -nakuja
Subjunctive -je
Negative -ji
Imperative singular njoo
Infinitives
Positive kuja
Negative kutokuja
Imperatives
Singular njoo
Plural njooni
Tensed forms
Habitual huja
Positive past positive subject concord + -likuja
Negative past negative subject concord + -kuja
Positive present (positive subject concord + -nakuja)
Singular Plural
1st person ninakuja/nakuja tunakuja
2nd person unakuja mnakuja
3rd person m-wa(I/II) anakuja wanakuja
other classes positive subject concord + -nakuja
Negative present (negative subject concord + -ji)
Singular Plural
1st person siji hatuji
2nd person huji hamji
3rd person m-wa(I/II) haji hawaji
other classes negative subject concord + -ji
Positive future positive subject concord + -takuja
Negative future negative subject concord + -takuja
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -je)
Singular Plural
1st person nije tuje
2nd person uje mje
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aje waje
other classes positive subject concord + -je
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sije
Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngekuja
Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singekuja
Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalikuja
Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalikuja
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aja)
Singular Plural
1st person naja twaja
2nd person waja mwaja
3rd person m-wa(I/II) aja waja
m-mi(III/IV) waja yaja
ji-ma(V/VI) laja yaja
ki-vi(VII/VIII) chaja vyaja
n(IX/X) yaja zaja
u(XI) waja see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) kwaja
pa(XVI) paja
mu(XVIII) mwaja
Perfect positive subject concord + -mekuja
"Already" positive subject concord + -meshakuja
"Not yet" negative subject concord + -jaja
"If/When" positive subject concord + -kija
"If not" positive subject concord + -sipokuja
Consecutive kaja / positive subject concord + -kaja
Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kaje
Object concord —
Relative forms
General positive (positive subject concord + -ja- + relative marker)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -jaye -jao
m-mi(III/IV) -jao -jayo
ji-ma(V/VI) -jalo -jayo
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -jacho -javyo
n(IX/X) -jayo -jazo
u(XI) -jao see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -jako
pa(XVI) -japo
mu(XVIII) -jamo
Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + -kuja)
Singular Plural
m-wa(I/II) -yekuja -okuja
m-mi(III/IV) -okuja -yokuja
ji-ma(V/VI) -lokuja -yokuja
ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chokuja -vyokuja
n(IX/X) -yokuja -zokuja
u(XI) -okuja see n(X) or ma(VI) class
ku(XV/XVII) -kokuja
pa(XVI) -pokuja
mu(XVIII) -mokuja
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Swedish

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Etymology 1

From Old Norse já, from Proto-Germanic *ja.

Pronunciation

Interjection
  • IPA(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/, /ja/
  • audio(file)
Noun
  • IPA(key): /jɑː/, (Scania) /jaː/

Adverb

ja (not comparable)

  1. yes
    Synonyms: japp, jo
    Antonym: nej
Related terms

Noun

ja n

  1. a yes, an aye; a positive answer or vote
Declension
Declension of ja 
Uncountable
Indefinite Definite
Nominative ja jaet — —
Genitive jas jaets — —

Etymology 2

See jag.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

ja

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Anagrams

Tswana

Etymology

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. to eat

Re jele bogobe maabane - We ate bogobe yesterday.

Tz'utujil

Alternative forms

Article

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. the

Upper Sorbian

Etymology

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information., from Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. I

Declension

Upper Sorbian personal pronouns
First person pronouns
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ja mój my
Genitive mje
(after preposition) mnje 		naju nas
Dative mi
(after preposition) mni 		namaj nam
Accusative mje
(after preposition) mnje 		naju nas
Instrumental mnu namaj nami
Locative mni nas
Second person pronouns
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ty wój wy
Genitive æe
(after preposition) tebje 		waju was
Dative æi
(after preposition) tebi 		wamaj wam
Accusative æe
(after preposition) tebje 		waju was
Instrumental tobu wamaj wami
Locative tebi was
Third person pronouns
Masculine singular Feminine singular Neuter singular Dual virile Dual nonvirile Plural virile Plural nonvirile
Nominative wón wona wono wonaj wonej woni wone
Genitive jeho
(after preposition) njeho 		jeje
(after preposition) njeje 		jeho
(after preposition) njeho 		jeju jich
(after preposition) nich
Dative jemu
(after preposition) njemu 		jej
(after preposition) njej 		jemu
(after preposition) njemu 		jimaj
(after preposition) nimaj 		jim
(after preposition) nim
Accusative jón
(after preposition) njón
(animate) jeho
(animate after preposition) njeho 		ju
(after preposition) nju 		jo, je
(after preposition) njo, nje 		jeju
(after preposition) njeju 		jej
(after preposition) njej 		jich
(after preposition) nich 		je
(after preposition) nje
Instrumental nim njej nim nimaj nimi
Locative nich


Votic

Etymology

From Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information..

Pronunciation

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Conjunction

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. and
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

References

West Frisian

Pronunciation

Interjection

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. yes

Derived terms

Further reading

West Makian

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to cry

Conjugation

Conjugation of ja (action verb)
singular plural
inclusive exclusive
1st person tja mja aja
2nd person nja fja
3rd person inanimate ija dja
animate
imperative nja, ja fja, ja

References

Yoruba

Etymology 1

Cognate with Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to fight, to wrestle, to struggle
  2. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to occur, to take place, to break out (as in a war or disease)
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Usage notes
  • ja before a direct object
Derived terms

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to snap, to break off, to break loose
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to occur, to take place, to begin suddenly (to break out)
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Derived terms

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to ring out like a bell
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Derived terms

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to fall off (from some height)
Derived terms

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. to shine brightly
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. to become aware, to come to full realization
Derived terms

Etymology 8

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to become punctured
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Etymology 9

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to become saturated or oversaturated with something; to become too much of something
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Derived terms

Etymology 10

Likely cognate with Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

Pronunciation

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information. to pluck off (usually referring to fruit or leaves)
    Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.
Derived terms

Zialo

Noun

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. water

References

  • Kirill Vladimirovich Babaev, Zialo: the newly-discovered Mande language of Guinea (2010), page 213

Zou

Verb

Lua error: not enough memory. See Wiktionary:Lua memory errors for more information.

  1. hear

References

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia