þér

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See also: yer, ther, YER, -yer, and þer

Icelandic

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þér.

Pronoun

þér

  1. (personal) dative singular of þú
    Hún tók þetta epli frá þér.
    She took this apple from you.

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ér; the initial þ comes from a rebracketing of ð in the second person plural verb ending (e.g. hafið ér → reinterpreted as hafið þér). The Old Norse derives from a variant of Proto-Germanic *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronoun

þér

  1. (archaic, formal) plural of þú
  2. (dated, formal) you (the V-form in terms of T-V distinction)
    • Colossians 3:9
      Ljúgið ekki hver að öðrum, því þér hafið afklæðst hinum gamla manni með gjörðum hans.
      Do not lie to each other, since you have taken off your old self with its practices.
    Hvað hugsið þér?
    What do you think?
    Verið þér sælar, frú mín góð.
    Good day to you, milady.
Usage notes

As a formal V-form pronoun, þér can have a singular or plural referent, but is always grammatically plural, similar to Danish De, German Sie, French vous, etc. This pronoun has fallen out of everyday use, but lingers in the raw plural sense in biblical language, and finds occasional use as a V-form.

Declension
Icelandic honorific pronouns
plural first person second person
nominative vér þér
accusative oss yður
dative oss yður
genitive vor yðar

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Norse *ᚦᛖᛉ (*þeʀ), Proto-Germanic *þiz, dative of *þū.

Pronunciation

  • (12th century Icelandic) IPA(key): /ˈθeːr/

Pronoun

þér

  1. dative of þú
Descendants
  • Icelandic: þér
  • Faroese: tær
  • Old Swedish: þær, þæ

Etymology 2

From earlier ér, from Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic form of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. The initial þ comes from a pervasive sandhi effect, triggered by word-final ð in the second person plural verb endings (e.g. hafið ér → reinterpreted as hafið þér).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • (12th century Icelandic) IPA(key): /ˈθeːr/

Pronoun

þér (Old West Norse)

  1. you (plural); ye
Declension
Old Norse personal pronouns
number first person second person reflexive third person
case singular singular masculine singular feminine singular neuter
nominative ek þú hann hón, hǫ́n þat
accusative mik þik sik hann hana, hána þat
dative mér þér sér hánum, hónum, hǫ́num henni því
genitive mín þín sín hans hennar þess
case dual
nominative vit it, þit
accusative okkr ykkr sik
dative okkr ykkr sér
genitive okkar ykkar sín
case plural plural masculine plural feminine plural neuter
nominative vér ér, þér þeir þær þau
accusative oss yðr sik þá þær þau
dative oss yðr sér þeim þeim þeim
genitive vár yðar, yðvar sín þeira, þeirra þeira, þeirra þeira, þeirra


Descendants

References

  • Byock, Jesse L. (2013) Viking Language 1: Learn Old Norse, Runes, and Icelandic Sagas, →ISBN, page 373
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