šķidrs

From the same stem as šķīst (“to dissolve, to melt”) (q.v.): Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰēi- (“clear, light, shiny”). With an extra suffix -d, it lead to two Proto-Baltic variants, one voiceless (with an extra s-mobile) and one voiced: *skied-, *skaid-, *skid- (whence, with an extra suffix -ru-s, šķidrs, skaidrs (“clear”), and also — with a different suffix — skaists (“beautiful”)), and *gied-, *gaid-, *gid- (whence, also with an extra -ru-s, dzidrs (“clear, limpid”), which is etymologically a variant of šķidrs), with some form influence between the two variants. The meaning evolved from “clear, limpid” > “(liquid) having no sediment, no sludge” > “liquid.” A different opinion is that šķidrs might ultimately derive from Proto-Indo-European *skei- (“to cut, to slice”).^[1]

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šķidrs (definite šķidrais, comparative šķidrāks, superlative visšķidrākais, adverb šķidri)

1. (physics) liquid (in a state of matter such that it can flow and take the form of its container)

   šķidra viela ― liquid substance

   pārvēst vielu šķidrā agregātstāvoklī ― to convert a substance to liquid state

   šķidrā degviela, šķidrais kurināmais ― liquid fuel

   šķidrais stikls ― liquid glass

   šķidrie minerālmēsli ― liquid mineral fertilizer

   šķidrie nokrišņi ― liquid precipitation (rainfall)

   šķidrs hēlijs ― liquid helium

2. (of mixtures) liquid, thin (composed mostly of liquids, having relatively little solid parts)

   šķidra putra, zupa ― liquid, thin porridge, soup

3. (colloquial, of hair, plumage, foliage, vegetation) thin, sparse

   šķidrie, gaišie mati ― thin, light hair

   tajā dzīvoja vecs jakuts ar šķidru bārdiņu ― there lived an old Yakut with a thin little beard

   krūmi aplokā gan nobiruši un šķidri ― the bushes in the yard were rather fallen and thin (= had few leaves)

4. (colloquial, of fabric, cloth) thin, worn off

   seju klāj šķidrs zīda lakatiņš ― a thin silk veil covered (her) face

   lētais audums kļuvis pavisam šķidrs ― the cheap fabric has become (after washing) really thin

5. (colloquial, of groups of people) thin, sparse (with members relatively far from each other)

   pūlis pavisam mazs un šķidrs kļuvis ― the crowd became small and thin

6. (colloquial, of clouds, smoke, etc.) thin (having low density)

   reti bālganzili, šķidrs mākonīši ― a few rare pale bluish thin little clouds

7. (colloquial) thin, (scattered) few, not much, unimpressive, not good

   aplausi bija šķidri ― the applause was thin

   šie man prasa: “kā ar mācībām?” “šķidri”, es saku ― they ask me: “how about your training?” “thin” (= bad), I answer

• (of hair, groups of people): rets
• (of hair, fabric, mixtures): plāns

• (antonym(s) of “of "state of matter"”): ciets (“solid”), gāzveidīgs (“gaseous”)
• (antonym(s) of “of "thin"”): biezs, blīvs

• šķidrums