πόνος
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Ancient Greek
Etymology
According to Beekes, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)penh₁- (“to weave, to twist”), with semantic shift "weaving, stretching" > "tensing, strain" > "exertion, toil". Cognate with Ancient Greek πένομαι (pénomai, “to exert oneself”), Proto-Germanic *spinnaną (“to spin”), and Lithuanian pìnti (“to twist”).[1]
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pó.nos/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpo.nos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈpo.nos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈpo.nos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈpo.nos/
Noun
πόνος • (pónos) m (genitive πόνου); second declension
- labor, work (especially hard work; toil
- bodily exertion, exercise
- work, task, business
- the consequence of toil, distress, trouble, suffering
- anything produced by work, a work
Declension
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ πόνος ho pónos |
τὼ πόνω tṑ pónō |
οἱ πόνοι hoi pónoi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ πόνου toû pónou |
τοῖν πόνοιν toîn pónoin |
τῶν πόνων tôn pónōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ πόνῳ tôi pónōi |
τοῖν πόνοιν toîn pónoin |
τοῖς πόνοις toîs pónois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν πόνον tòn pónon |
τὼ πόνω tṑ pónō |
τοὺς πόνους toùs pónous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | πόνε póne |
πόνω pónō |
πόνοι pónoi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | πόνος pónos |
πόνω pónō |
πόνοι pónoi | ||||||||||
| Genitive | πόνου / πονοῖο / πόνοιο / πονόο / πόνοο pónou / ponoîo / pónoio / ponóo / pónoo |
πόνοιῐν pónoiin |
πόνων pónōn | ||||||||||
| Dative | πόνῳ pónōi |
πόνοιῐν pónoiin |
πόνοισῐ / πόνοισῐν / πόνοις pónoisi(n) / pónois | ||||||||||
| Accusative | πόνον pónon |
πόνω pónō |
πόνους pónous | ||||||||||
| Vocative | πόνε póne |
πόνω pónō |
πόνοι pónoi | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “πονέομαι, πόνος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1221
Further reading
- “πόνος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “πόνος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “πόνος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- πόνος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- πόνος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “πόνος”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G4192 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- affliction idem, page 17.
- disorder idem, page 235.
- distress idem, page 242.
- drudgery idem, page 254.
- effort idem, page 263.
- exertion idem, page 291.
- hardship idem, page 386.
- infirmity idem, page 438.
- labour idem, page 472.
- onus idem, page 574.
- product idem, page 645.
- strain idem, page 822.
- striving idem, page 827.
- struggle idem, page 828.
- suffering idem, page 835.
- task idem, page 856.
- toil idem, page 880.
- trial idem, page 893.
- trouble idem, page 897.
- tug idem, page 900.
- vigilance idem, page 951.
- work idem, page 988.
- wrench idem, page 992.
- “πόνος”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011
Greek
Etymology
From Ancient Greek πόνος (pónos).
Pronunciation
Noun
πόνος • (pónos) m (plural πόνοι)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | πόνος (pónos) | πόνοι (pónoi) |
| genitive | πόνου (pónou) | πόνων (pónon) |
| accusative | πόνο (póno) | πόνους (pónous) |
| vocative | πόνε (póne) | πόνοι (pónoi) |
Synonyms
- άλγος n (álgos)
Derived terms
- πονοκέφαλος m (ponokéfalos, “headache”)
- κεφαλόπονος m (kefalóponos, “headache”)
- πονόλαιμος m (ponólaimos, “sore throat”)
- πονόδοντος m (ponódontos, “toothache”)
- στομαχόπονος m (stomachóponos, “stomachache”)
- πονόκοιλος m (ponókoilos, “tummyache, bellyache”)
- κοιλόπονος m (koilóponos, “tummyache, bellyache”)
- παυσίπονο n (pafsípono, “pain killer”)
- πονόκαρδος (ponókardos, “heartache”, adjective)
- πονόψυχος (ponópsychos, “compassionate”, adjective)
- άπονος (áponos, “heartless”, adjective)
Related terms
- πονάω (ponáo, “to ache”)
Further reading
πόνος on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el- πόνος, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής , Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
