χαλκός
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Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
Etymology
Unknown. Has been compared to Proto-Slavic *želězo (“iron”), Latin ferrum, and Hittite (ḫapalki-). Perhaps related to κάλχη (kálkhē, “purple”). Ultimately, Proto-Indo-European origin seems unlikely and the word is probably a borrowing from an eastern substrate.[1]
Cognate to Mycenaean Greek 𐀏𐀏𐀩𐀀 (ka-ka-re-a), 𐀏𐀒 (ka-ko, “copper”).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kʰal.kós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kʰalˈkos/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /xalˈkos/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /xalˈkos/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /xalˈkos/
Noun
χᾰλκός • (khalkós) m (genitive χᾰλκοῦ); second declension
- copper, or copper alloyed with tin, bronze
- (poetic) anything made of metal
- copper, cauldron, urn
- copper money
- the phrase χαλκοῦ ἄνθος (khalkoû ánthos): particle thrown off by copper while cooling
Inflection
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ χᾰλκός ho khalkós |
τὼ χᾰλκώ tṑ khalkṓ |
οἱ χᾰλκοί hoi khalkoí | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ χᾰλκοῦ toû khalkoû |
τοῖν χᾰλκοῖν toîn khalkoîn |
τῶν χᾰλκῶν tôn khalkôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ χᾰλκῷ tôi khalkôi |
τοῖν χᾰλκοῖν toîn khalkoîn |
τοῖς χᾰλκοῖς toîs khalkoîs | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν χᾰλκόν tòn khalkón |
τὼ χᾰλκώ tṑ khalkṓ |
τοὺς χᾰλκούς toùs khalkoús | ||||||||||
| Vocative | χᾰλκέ khalké |
χᾰλκώ khalkṓ |
χᾰλκοί khalkoí | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- ὀρείχαλκος (oreíkhalkos)
- παγχάλκεος (pankhálkeos)
- πάγχαλκος (pánkhalkos)
- πολύχαλκος (polúkhalkos)
- ὑπόχαλκος (hupókhalkos)
- χαλκάνθη (khalkánthē)
- χάλκανθον (khálkanthon)
- χάλκανθος (khálkanthos)
- χάλκασπις (khálkaspis)
- χαλκεία (khalkeía)
- χαλκεῖον (khalkeîon)
- χάλκειος (khálkeios)
- χαλκέμβολος (khalkémbolos)
- χαλκεοθώραξ (khalkeothṓrax)
- χάλκεος (khálkeos)
- χαλκεόφωνος (khalkeóphōnos)
- χαλκεύς (khalkeús)
- χαλκευτικός (khalkeutikós)
- χαλκευτός (khalkeutós)
- χαλκεύω (khalkeúō)
- χαλκεών (khalkeṓn)
- χαλκήϊος (khalkḗïos)
- χαλκήλατος (khalkḗlatos)
- χαλκήρης (khalkḗrēs)
- χαλκητάριον (khalkētárion)
- χάλκινος (khálkinos)
- χαλκίοικος (khalkíoikos)
- χαλκίον (khalkíon)
- χαλκίς (khalkís)
- χαλκῖτις (khalkîtis)
- χαλκοβαρής (khalkobarḗs)
- χαλκοβατής (khalkobatḗs)
- χαλκόγενυς (khalkógenus)
- χαλκογλώχις (khalkoglṓkhis)
- χαλκόδετος (khalkódetos)
- χαλκοειδής (khalkoeidḗs)
- χαλκοκνήμις (khalkoknḗmis)
- χαλκοκορυστής (khalkokorustḗs)
- χαλκόκροτος (khalkókrotos)
- χαλκομόλυβδος (khalkomólubdos)
- χαλκοπάρῃος (khalkopárēios)
- χαλκόπους (khalkópous)
- χαλκοτυπέω (khalkotupéō)
- χαλκότυπος (khalkótupos)
- χαλκουργός (khalkourgós)
- χαλκοῦς (khalkoûs)
- χαλκόφωνος (khalkóphōnos)
- χαλκοχίτων (khalkokhítōn)
- χαλκόω (khalkóō)
- χάλκωμα (khálkōma)
- Χάλκων (Khálkōn)
Descendants
- Greek: χαλκός (chalkós)
- → Arabic: حَلْقُوس (ḥalqūs), حَلْقُوص (ḥalqūṣ), حَرْقُوس (ḥarqūs), حَرْقُوص (ḥarqūṣ), خَلْقُوس (ḵalqūs), خَلْقُوص (ḵalqūṣ)
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “χαλκός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1611-2
Further reading
- “χαλκός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “χαλκός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “χαλκός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- χαλκός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “χαλκός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G5475 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Greek
Etymology
Learnedly, from Ancient Greek χαλκός (khalkós) & semantic loan from English bronze.[1]
Pronunciation
Noun
χαλκός • (chalkós) m (plural χαλκοί)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | χαλκός (chalkós) | χαλκοί (chalkoí) |
| genitive | χαλκού (chalkoú) | χαλκών (chalkón) |
| accusative | χαλκό (chalkó) | χαλκούς (chalkoús) |
| vocative | χαλκέ (chalké) | χαλκοί (chalkoí) |
Usually in the singular.
Coordinate terms
Derived terms
- Εποχή του Χαλκού f (Epochí tou Chalkoú, “Bronze Age”)
Related terms
- χαλκο- (chalko-, “copper, copper coloured”, prefix)
and
- επιχάλκωση f (epichálkosi)
- ορείχαλκος m (oreíchalkos, “bronze”)
- ορειχάλκινος (oreichálkinos, “bronze”, adjective)
- χαλκείο n (chalkeío)
- χάλκευμα n (chálkevma)
- χάλκευση f (chálkefsi)
- χαλκευτήριο n (chalkeftírio)
- χαλκευτής m (chalkeftís)
- χαλκεύω (chalkévo)
- χαλκιάς m (chalkiás)
- χάλκινος (chálkinos, “made of copper”, adjective)
- χαλκουργείο n (chalkourgeío)
- χαλκουργός m (chalkourgós)
- χαλκούς (chalkoús, “made of copper”, adjective) (formal)
- χάλκωμα n (chálkoma)
- χαλκωματάδικο n (chalkomatádiko)
- χαλκωματάς m (chalkomatás)
- χαλκωρυχείο n (chalkorycheío)
Not related to χαλκάς m (chalkás)
References
- ^ χαλκός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής , Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language
Further reading
χαλκός on the Greek Wikipedia.Wikipedia el
