ψύχω

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Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

Etymology

Uncertain. Could be from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰes- (“to blow”), with cognates including Sanskrit भस्त्रा (bhástrā, “bellows”), अप्सु (á-psu, “without breath”), and Albanian badër. Beekes is skeptical of an Indo-European derivation and argues for a Pre-Greek origin.[1]

Compare also Proto-Circassian *psa, Proto-Northwest Caucasian *pǝsA (literally “soul”).

Pronunciation

 

Verb

ψῡ́χω • (psū́khō)

  1. to breathe, blow
    • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.440:
      καὶ τό γ’ Ἀθήνη
      πνοιῇ Ἀχιλλῆος πάλιν ἔτραπε κυδαλίμοιο
      ἦκα μάλα ψύξασα
      kaì tó g’ Athḗnē
      pnoiêi Akhillêos pálin étrape kudalímoio
      êka mála psúxasa
      but Athene with a breath turned it back from glorious Achilles, breathing full lightly
  2. to chill, make cold
    • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.104.3:
      καὶ τὸ ἀπὸ τούτου ἀπιὼν ἐπὶ μᾶλλον ψύχει
      kaì tò apò toútou apiṑn epì mâllon psúkhei
      as day declines makes it ever cooler
    • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.181.4:
      παρέρχονται τε μέσαι νύκτες καὶ ψύχεται μέχρι ἐς ἠῶ
      parérkhontai te mésai núktes kaì psúkhetai mékhri es ēô
      after midnight it becomes cooler until dawn
    1. to cool, refresh
    2. (passive voice, figuratively) to be frigid
  3. (transitive) to dry
    • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cynegeticus 5.3:
      ποιοῦσι δύσοσμον, ἕως ἂν ψυχθῇ
      poioûsi dúsosmon, héōs àn psukhthêi
      make the earth bad for scent until it dries

Inflection

   Present: ψῡ́χω, ψῡ́χομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ψῡ́χω ψῡ́χεις ψῡ́χει ψῡ́χετον ψῡ́χετον ψῡ́χομεν ψῡ́χετε ψῡ́χουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ψῡ́χω ψῡ́χῃς ψῡ́χῃ ψῡ́χητον ψῡ́χητον ψῡ́χωμεν ψῡ́χητε ψῡ́χωσῐ(ν)
optative ψῡ́χοιμῐ ψῡ́χοις ψῡ́χοι ψῡ́χοιτον ψῡχοίτην ψῡ́χοιμεν ψῡ́χοιτε ψῡ́χοιεν
imperative   ψῦχε ψῡχέτω ψῡ́χετον ψῡχέτων   ψῡ́χετε ψῡχόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ψῡ́χομαι ψῡ́χῃ,
ψῡ́χει 		ψῡ́χεται ψῡ́χεσθον ψῡ́χεσθον ψῡχόμεθᾰ ψῡ́χεσθε ψῡ́χονται
subjunctive ψῡ́χωμαι ψῡ́χῃ ψῡ́χηται ψῡ́χησθον ψῡ́χησθον ψῡχώμεθᾰ ψῡ́χησθε ψῡ́χωνται
optative ψῡχοίμην ψῡ́χοιο ψῡ́χοιτο ψῡ́χοισθον ψῡχοίσθην ψῡχοίμεθᾰ ψῡ́χοισθε ψῡ́χοιντο
imperative   ψῡ́χου ψῡχέσθω ψῡ́χεσθον ψῡχέσθων   ψῡ́χεσθε ψῡχέσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ψῡ́χειν ψῡ́χεσθαι
participle m ψῡ́χων ψῡχόμενος
f ψῡ́χουσᾰ ψῡχομένη
n ψῦχον ψῡχόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἔψῡχον, ἐψῡχόμην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔψῡχον ἔψῡχες ἔψῡχε(ν) ἐψῡ́χετον ἐψῡχέτην ἐψῡ́χομεν ἐψῡ́χετε ἔψῡχον
middle/
passive 		indicative ἐψῡχόμην ἐψῡ́χου ἐψῡ́χετο ἐψῡ́χεσθον ἐψῡχέσθην ἐψῡχόμεθᾰ ἐψῡ́χεσθε ἐψῡ́χοντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ψῡ́ξω, ψῡ́ξομαι, ψυχθήσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ψῡ́ξω ψῡ́ξεις ψῡ́ξει ψῡ́ξετον ψῡ́ξετον ψῡ́ξομεν ψῡ́ξετε ψῡ́ξουσῐ(ν)
optative ψῡ́ξοιμῐ ψῡ́ξοις ψῡ́ξοι ψῡ́ξοιτον ψῡξοίτην ψῡ́ξοιμεν ψῡ́ξοιτε ψῡ́ξοιεν
middle indicative ψῡ́ξομαι ψῡ́ξῃ,
ψῡ́ξει 		ψῡ́ξεται ψῡ́ξεσθον ψῡ́ξεσθον ψῡξόμεθᾰ ψῡ́ξεσθε ψῡ́ξονται
optative ψῡξοίμην ψῡ́ξοιο ψῡ́ξοιτο ψῡ́ξοισθον ψῡξοίσθην ψῡξοίμεθᾰ ψῡ́ξοισθε ψῡ́ξοιντο
passive indicative ψυχθήσομαι ψυχθήσῃ ψυχθήσεται ψυχθήσεσθον ψυχθήσεσθον ψυχθησόμεθᾰ ψυχθήσεσθε ψυχθήσονται
optative ψυχθησοίμην ψυχθήσοιο ψυχθήσοιτο ψυχθήσοισθον ψυχθησοίσθην ψυχθησοίμεθᾰ ψυχθήσοισθε ψυχθήσοιντο
active middle passive
infinitive ψῡ́ξειν ψῡ́ξεσθαι ψυχθήσεσθαι
participle m ψῡ́ξων ψῡξόμενος ψυχθησόμενος
f ψῡ́ξουσᾰ ψῡξομένη ψυχθησομένη
n ψῦξον ψῡξόμενον ψυχθησόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ψῠγήσομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
passive indicative ψῠγήσομαι ψῠγήσῃ ψῠγήσεται ψῠγήσεσθον ψῠγήσεσθον ψῠγησόμεθᾰ ψῠγήσεσθε ψῠγήσονται
optative ψῠγησοίμην ψῠγήσοιο ψῠγήσοιτο ψῠγήσοισθον ψῠγησοίσθην ψῠγησοίμεθᾰ ψῠγήσοισθε ψῠγήσοιντο
passive
infinitive ψῠγήσεσθαι
participle m ψῠγησόμενος
f ψῠγησομένη
n ψῠγησόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἔψῡξᾰ, ἐψῡξᾰ́μην, ἐψύχθην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔψῡξᾰ ἔψῡξᾰς ἔψῡξε(ν) ἐψῡ́ξᾰτον ἐψῡξᾰ́την ἐψῡ́ξᾰμεν ἐψῡ́ξᾰτε ἔψῡξᾰν
subjunctive ψῡ́ξω ψῡ́ξῃς ψῡ́ξῃ ψῡ́ξητον ψῡ́ξητον ψῡ́ξωμεν ψῡ́ξητε ψῡ́ξωσῐ(ν)
optative ψῡ́ξαιμῐ ψῡ́ξειᾰς,
ψῡ́ξαις 		ψῡ́ξειε(ν),
ψῡ́ξαι 		ψῡ́ξαιτον ψῡξαίτην ψῡ́ξαιμεν ψῡ́ξαιτε ψῡ́ξειᾰν,
ψῡ́ξαιεν
imperative   ψῦξον ψῡξᾰ́τω ψῡ́ξᾰτον ψῡξᾰ́των   ψῡ́ξᾰτε ψῡξᾰ́ντων
middle indicative ἐψῡξᾰ́μην ἐψῡ́ξω ἐψῡ́ξᾰτο ἐψῡ́ξᾰσθον ἐψῡξᾰ́σθην ἐψῡξᾰ́μεθᾰ ἐψῡ́ξᾰσθε ἐψῡ́ξᾰντο
subjunctive ψῡ́ξωμαι ψῡ́ξῃ ψῡ́ξηται ψῡ́ξησθον ψῡ́ξησθον ψῡξώμεθᾰ ψῡ́ξησθε ψῡ́ξωνται
optative ψῡξαίμην ψῡ́ξαιο ψῡ́ξαιτο ψῡ́ξαισθον ψῡξαίσθην ψῡξαίμεθᾰ ψῡ́ξαισθε ψῡ́ξαιντο
imperative   ψῦξαι ψῡξᾰ́σθω ψῡ́ξᾰσθον ψῡξᾰ́σθων   ψῡ́ξᾰσθε ψῡξᾰ́σθων
passive indicative ἐψύχθην ἐψύχθης ἐψύχθη ἐψύχθητον ἐψυχθήτην ἐψύχθημεν ἐψύχθητε ἐψύχθησᾰν
subjunctive ψυχθῶ ψυχθῇς ψυχθῇ ψυχθῆτον ψυχθῆτον ψυχθῶμεν ψυχθῆτε ψυχθῶσῐ(ν)
optative ψυχθείην ψυχθείης ψυχθείη ψυχθεῖτον,
ψυχθείητον 		ψυχθείτην,
ψυχθειήτην 		ψυχθεῖμεν,
ψυχθείημεν 		ψυχθεῖτε,
ψυχθείητε 		ψυχθεῖεν,
ψυχθείησᾰν
imperative   ψύχθητῐ ψυχθήτω ψύχθητον ψυχθήτων   ψύχθητε ψυχθέντων
active middle passive
infinitive ψῦξαι ψῡ́ξᾰσθαι ψυχθῆναι
participle m ψῡ́ξᾱς ψῡξᾰ́μενος ψυχθείς
f ψῡ́ξᾱσᾰ ψῡξᾰμένη ψυχθεῖσᾰ
n ψῦξᾰν ψῡξᾰ́μενον ψυχθέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἐψῠ́χην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
passive indicative ἐψῠ́χην ἐψῠ́χης ἐψῠ́χη ἐψῠ́χητον ἐψῠχήτην ἐψῠ́χημεν ἐψῠ́χητε ἐψῠ́χησᾰν
subjunctive ψῠχῶ ψῠχῇς ψῠχῇ ψῠχῆτον ψῠχῆτον ψῠχῶμεν ψῠχῆτε ψῠχῶσῐ(ν)
optative ψῠχείην ψῠχείης ψῠχείη ψῠχεῖτον,
ψῠχείητον 		ψῠχείτην,
ψῠχειήτην 		ψῠχεῖμεν,
ψῠχείημεν 		ψῠχεῖτε,
ψῠχείητε 		ψῠχεῖεν,
ψῠχείησᾰν
imperative   ψῠ́χηθῐ ψῠχήτω ψῠ́χητον ψῠχήτων   ψῠ́χητε ψῠχέντων
passive
infinitive ψῠχῆναι
participle m ψῠχείς
f ψῠχεῖσᾰ
n ψῠχέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἐψῠ́γην (late)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
passive indicative ἐψῠ́γην ἐψῠ́γης ἐψῠ́γη ἐψῠ́γητον ἐψῠγήτην ἐψῠ́γημεν ἐψῠ́γητε ἐψῠ́γησᾰν
subjunctive ψῠγῶ ψῠγῇς ψῠγῇ ψῠγῆτον ψῠγῆτον ψῠγῶμεν ψῠγῆτε ψῠγῶσῐ(ν)
optative ψῠγείην ψῠγείης ψῠγείη ψῠγεῖτον,
ψῠγείητον 		ψῠγείτην,
ψῠγειήτην 		ψῠγεῖμεν,
ψῠγείημεν 		ψῠγεῖτε,
ψῠγείητε 		ψῠγεῖεν,
ψῠγείησᾰν
imperative   ψῠ́γηθῐ ψῠγήτω ψῠ́γητον ψῠγήτων   ψῠ́γητε ψῠγέντων
passive
infinitive ψῠγῆναι
participle m ψῠγείς
f ψῠγεῖσᾰ
n ψῠγέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Perfect: ἔψῡχᾰ, ἔψῠγμαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔψῡχᾰ ἔψῡχᾰς ἔψῡχε(ν) ἐψῡ́χᾰτον ἐψῡ́χᾰτον ἐψῡ́χᾰμεν ἐψῡ́χᾰτε ἐψῡ́χᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἐψῡ́χω ἐψῡ́χῃς ἐψῡ́χῃ ἐψῡ́χητον ἐψῡ́χητον ἐψῡ́χωμεν ἐψῡ́χητε ἐψῡ́χωσῐ(ν)
optative ἐψῡ́χοιμῐ,
ἐψῡχοίην 		ἐψῡ́χοις,
ἐψῡχοίης 		ἐψῡ́χοι,
ἐψῡχοίη 		ἐψῡ́χοιτον ἐψῡχοίτην ἐψῡ́χοιμεν ἐψῡ́χοιτε ἐψῡ́χοιεν
imperative   ἔψῡχε ἐψῡχέτω ἐψῡ́χετον ἐψῡχέτων   ἐψῡ́χετε ἐψῡχόντων
middle/
passive 		indicative ἔψῠγμαι ἔψῠξαι ἔψῠκται ἔψῠχθον ἔψῠχθον ἐψῠ́γμεθᾰ ἔψῠχθε ἐψῠ́χᾰται
subjunctive ἐψῠγμένος ὦ ἐψῠγμένος ᾖς ἐψῠγμένος ᾖ ἐψῠγμένω ἦτον ἐψῠγμένω ἦτον ἐψῠγμένοι ὦμεν ἐψῠγμένοι ἦτε ἐψῠγμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative ἐψῠγμένος εἴην ἐψῠγμένος εἴης ἐψῠγμένος εἴη ἐψῠγμένω εἴητον/εἶτον ἐψῠγμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην ἐψῠγμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν ἐψῠγμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε ἐψῠγμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
imperative   ἔψῠξο ἐψῠ́χθω ἔψῠχθον ἐψῠ́χθων   ἔψῠχθε ἐψῠ́χθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἐψῡχέναι ἐψῠ́χθαι
participle m ἐψῡχώς ἐψῠγμένος
f ἐψῡχυῖᾰ ἐψῠγμένη
n ἐψῡχός ἐψῠγμένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ψῡχή (> DER > ψύχω)”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1671-2

Further reading

Greek

Verb

ψύχω • (psýcho) (past έψυξα, passive ψύχομαι, ppp ψύχθηκα)

  1. (transitive) to chill, freeze

Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Further reading

Wikious
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