карам

Bulgarian

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *karati (“to accuse”), an iterative counter-part to коря́ (korjá, “to rebuke”).

Verb

ка́рам • (káram) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive, dialectal) to edify, to instruct

   Synonyms: поуча́вам (poučávam), назида́вам (nazidávam)

2. (transitive, dialectal) to rebuke, to reproach, to reprimand

   Synonyms: гъ́лча (gǎ́lča), мъ́мря (mǎ́mrja), хо́кам (hókam), укоря́вам (ukorjávam), порица́вам (poricávam)

   • Сос ма ка́рай, ма́йчинко, сос ма мо́мрей! (in Rupian dialect)

     Sos ma káraj, májčinko, sos ma mómrej!

     Stop reproaching me, mother, stop reprimanding me!

Usage notes

In the standard language, this meaning is primarily expressed via reflexive ка́рам се (káram se). The transitive form typically carries the meaning of Etymology 2.

Conjugation

Derived terms

• ока́рвам impf (okárvam), ока́рам pf (okáram, “to berate”)
• пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to express critizism”) (dialectal)
• ска́рвам impf (skárvam), ска́рам pf (skáram, “to make someone agitated/upset with another one”)
  • ска́ран (skáran, “being on bad terms”)
• ка́ране (kárane), ка́раница (káranica, “scuffle, quarrel”)
• ка́рба (kárba), пре́карба (prékarba, “mutual reproach, exchange of accusations”) (dialectal)

Related terms

• у́кор (úkor, “reproach”)
  • ука́рям (ukárjam, “to accuse, to defame”) (obsolete)

References

• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “карам²”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 236
• Nayden Gerov (1897) “ка́рамь (10, 11)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 351

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Vulgar Latin *carriāre or *carreāre, from Latin carrus, ultimately of Gaulish origin. Cognate with English carry.

Verb

ка́рам • (káram) first-singular present indicative, impf

1. (transitive) to drive, to conduct (a vehicle)

   Synonym: управля́вам (upravljávam)

   ка́рам кола́ ― káram kolá ― drive a car

2. (transitive) to drive, to herd (an animal, a herd)

   Synonyms: во́дя (vódja), (dialectal) кърдя́ (kǎrdjá)

   ка́рам гове́да ― káram govéda ― herd cattle

3. (transitive) to convey, to transport, to carry

   Synonym: во́зя (vózja)

   ка́рам това́р ― káram továr ― to transport goods

4. (transitive) to make, to coerce (someone do something)

   Synonyms: те́рам (téram), си́ля (sílja), принужда́вам (prinuždávam)

   ка́рам ня́кого да ... ― káram njákogo da ... ― coerce someone to ...

5. (abstracted, transitive) to undergo, to get through, to pass (endevour, situation, state of affairs)

   ка́рам грип ― káram grip ― undergo flu

   ка́рам и́зпит ― káram ízpit ― am taking an exam

   Ка́рам я ня́как си.

   Káram ja njákak si.

   I am doing fine somehow/in some way.

6. (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to be (a certain age)
7. (colloquial, figurative, transitive) to live, to be getting along
8. (colloquial, transitive) to keep on (doing something), to carry out
9. (reflexive with се) to make, to prepare oneself to do something

Conjugation

Derived terms

• вка́рвам impf (vkárvam), вка́рам pf (vkáram, “to insert, to push in”)
• изка́рвам impf (izkárvam), изка́рам pf (izkáram, “to pull out”)
• дока́рвам impf (dokárvam), дока́рам pf (dokáram, “to carry, bring up”)
  • издока́рвам impf (izdokárvam), издока́рам pf (izdokáram)
• зака́рвам impf (zakárvam), зака́рам pf (zakáram, “to transport”)
• нака́рвам impf (nakárvam), нака́рам pf (nakáram, “to compel, to force”)
• отка́рвам impf (otkárvam), отка́рам pf (otkáram, “to carry away”)
• подка́рвам impf (podkárvam), подка́рам pf (podkáram, “to drive up, to undertake”)
• пока́рвам impf (pokárvam), пока́рам pf (pokáram, “to get carrying”)
  • разпока́рвам impf (razpokárvam), разпока́рам pf (razpokáram)
• прека́рвам impf (prekárvam), прека́рам pf (prekáram, “to spend, to forebear”)
• прика́рвам impf (prikárvam), прика́рам pf (prikáram, “to bring in, to conduct”)
• прока́рвам impf (prokárvam), прока́рам pf (prokáram, “to carry into”)
• разка́рвам impf (razkárvam), разка́рам pf (razkáram, “to carry back and forth”)
• ука́рвам impf (ukárvam), ука́рам pf (ukáram, “to infix”) (dialectal)
• кара́ч (karáč, “herder, driver”)

Related terms

• кару́ца (karúca, “charriot”)

References

• “карам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
• “карам”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1979), “карам¹”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 2 (и – крепя̀), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, page 235
• Nayden Gerov (1897) “ка́рамь (1-9)”, in Рѣчникъ на Блъгарскꙑй язꙑкъ. Съ тлъкувание рѣчи-тꙑ на Блъгарскꙑ и на Русскꙑ. [Dictionary of the Bulgarian language]‎ (in Bulgarian), volume 2, Plovdiv: Дружествена печꙗтница "Съгласие.", page 350

Anagrams

• марка (marka), карма (karma), рамка (ramka), макар (makar)

Kyrgyz

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian کرم (karam), from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).

Noun

карам • (karam) (Arabic spelling قارام)

1. cabbage

Macedonian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key):

Verb

карам • (karam)

1. first-person singular present of кара (kara)

Russian

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

Noun

ка́рам • (káram) f inan pl

1. dative plural of ка́ра (kára)

Etymology 2

Noun

ка́рам • (káram) m inan pl

1. dative plural of кар (kar)

Tajik

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Ancient Greek κράμβη (krámbē, “cabbage”).

Alternative forms

• калам (kalam)

Noun

tr=karam

карам • (karam)

1. cabbage

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Arabic كَرَم (karam).

Noun

карам • (karam)

1. bounty
2. generosity
3. magnificence