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According to Shansky, from earlier forms карпуз(karpuz), карпуц(karpuc), from Dutchkarpoets(“traveling hat”), and distinct from Etymology 2 (see below). The term originally referred to military cloth or fur hats; the “peaked cap” sense developed in mid-19th century.
Shansky, N. M., editor (1982), “картуз”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, number 8 (К), Moscow: Moscow University Press, page 80
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “картуз”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress