ям
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Панго ям.
Belarusian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Turkic, ultimately from Chinese 站 (zhàn) or Mongolian зам (zam). Cognate to Russian ям (jam), which see. Compare also semantically unrelated Estonian jaam.
Pronunciation
Noun
ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́маў, relational adjective ямскі́)
Declension
Declension of ям (inan hard masc-form accent-a)
Related terms
- я́мшчык (jámščyk)
- ямшчыко́вы (jamščykóvy)
- ямшчы́цкі (jamščýcki)
References
- “ям”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
- “ям” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org
Bulgarian
Etymology
Inherited from Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), from Proto-Slavic *ěsti.
Pronunciation
Verb
ям • (jam) first-singular present indicative, impf
- (transitive) to eat, to consume
- Synonyms: храня се (hranja se), консумирам (konsumiram)
- (transitive) to cause someone to worry, to eat, to pester, to badger, to nag
- Какво те яде?
- Kakvo te jade?
- What's worrying you?
Conjugation
Conjugation of ям (conjugation 1.1, irregular, imperfective, transitive)
| participles | present active participle | past active aorist participle | past active imperfect participle | past passive participle | verbal noun | adverbial participle | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | indefinite | ядя́щ jadjášt |
ял jal |
ядя́л jadjál |
я́ден jáden |
яде́йки jadéjki | |
| definite subject form | ядя́щият jadjáštijat |
я́лият jálijat |
— | я́деният jádenijat | |||
| definite object form | ядя́щия jadjáštija |
я́лия jálija |
— | я́дения jádenija | |||
| feminine | indefinite | ядя́ща jadjášta |
я́ла jála |
ядя́ла jadjála |
я́дена jádena | ||
| definite | ядя́щата jadjáštata |
я́лата jálata |
— | я́дената jádenata | |||
| neuter | indefinite | ядя́що jadjášto |
я́ло jálo |
ядя́ло jadjálo |
я́дено jádeno |
я́дене jádene | |
| definite | ядя́щото jadjáštoto |
я́лото jáloto |
— | я́деното jádenoto |
я́денето jádeneto | ||
| plural | indefinite | ядя́щи jadjášti |
я́ли jáli |
яде́ли jadéli |
я́дени jádeni |
я́дения, я́денета jádenija, jádeneta | |
| definite | ядя́щите jadjáštite |
я́лите jálite |
— | я́дените jádenite |
я́денията, я́денетата jádenijata, jádenetata | ||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present | ям jam |
яде́ш jadéš |
яде́ jadé |
яде́м jadém |
яде́те jadéte |
яда́т jadát | |
| imperfect | ядя́х jadjáh |
яде́ше jadéše |
яде́ше jadéše |
ядя́хме jadjáhme |
ядя́хте jadjáhte |
ядя́ха jadjáha | |
| aorist | я́дох jádoh |
я́де jáde |
я́де jáde |
я́дохме jádohme |
я́дохте jádohte |
я́доха jádoha | |
| future | pos. | Use ще followed by the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| future in the past | pos. | Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present perfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| past perfect | Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect in the past | Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| renarrative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| dubitative | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | none
| ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| conclusive | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| present and imperfect | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl | ||||||
| aorist | Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future and future in the past | pos. | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense | |||||
| neg. | Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense | ||||||
| present and past perfect | Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| future perfect and future perfect in the past | Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | ||||||
| conditional | аз | ти | той/тя/то | ние | вие | те | |
| Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl | |||||||
| imperative | - | ти | - | - | вие | - | |
| яж jaž |
яде́те jadéte |
||||||
Erzya
Etymology
From Proto-Mordvinic *jam, possibly inherited from Proto-Uralic *jamɜ (“mash, soup (made of fish flour, blood, meat)”).
Pronunciation
Noun
ям • (jam)
Declension
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Indefinite declension of ям (hard consonant stem (сан) type)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ям (jam) | ямт (jamt) |
| genitive | ямонь (jamoń) | — |
| dative | ямнэнь (jamneń) | — |
| ablative | ямдо (jamdo) | — |
| inessive | ямсо (jamso) | — |
| elative | ямсто (jamsto) | — |
| illative | ямс (jams) | — |
| prolative | ямга (jamga) | — |
| translative | ямкс (jamks) | — |
| comparative | ямшка (jamška) | — |
| abessive | ямтомо (jamtomo) | — |
References
- B. A. Serebrennikov, R. N. Buzakova, M. V. Mosin (1993) “ям”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
- Entry #162 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.
Russian
Alternative forms
- ямъ (jam) — Pre-reform orthography (1918)
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Turkic, ultimately from Chinese or Mongolian. There is no scholarly consensus regarding the direction of borrowing. Generally, it is believed that Turkic yam and Chinese 站 (zhàn) are loanwords from Mongolian ǰam, however, some (e.g. Tuymebayev in Казахско-монгольские лексические параллели (Kazaxsko-mongolʹskije leksičeskije paralleli)) believe the directionality is reversed (i.e. Chinese "to stand > stand > station" → Middle Mongol → Turkic → Russian). Whatever the etymology, what is apparent is that the word jam has been around for a long time and was used by Central Asians to designate a key postal relay station or official. Compare Mongolian зам (zam).
Noun
ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́мов, relational adjective ямско́й)
Declension
Related terms
- ямщи́к (jamščík)
Descendants
- → Estonian: jaam
Etymology 2
Noun
ям • (jam) f inan pl
Further reading
- ям in Большой толковый словарь, editor-in-chief С. А. Кузнецов – hosted at gramota.ru