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Uncertain. Often compared to Sanskritखल(khála, “threshing floor”),[1][2] but the correspondence of Sanskrit kh to Armenian կ(k) is irregular.[3] Has also been linked with կասում(kasum, “to thrash”) and կամն(kamn, “threshing board”) and derived from Proto-Indo-European*gʷeh₂-(“to go, step”)[4] or *gʷaktlo-(“something for beating”) (compare Ancient Greekβάκτρον(báktron, “stick, cudgel”)).[5][6] Others identify with կալում(kalum, “to hold”).[7][8] Note also Classical Persianکالیدن(kālīdan, “to rout, defeat; to dissolve, scatter, cut in pieces”).[1]
↑ 1.01.1Pictet, Adolphe (1863) Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique, volume II, Paris: J. Cherbuliez, page 115
^ Müller, Friedrich (1890) “Armeniaca VI”, in Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Classe (in German), volume 122, page 3
^ Hübschmann, Heinrich (1897) Armenische Grammatik. 1. Theil: Armenische Etymologie (in German), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, page 457
^ Viredaz, Rémy (2018–2019) “Occlusive + *r, *l en arménien : exceptions à la métathèse”, in Revue des Études Arméniennes (in French), volume 38, page 26
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pages 35–36
^ Klingenschmitt, Gert (1982) Das altarmenische Verbum (in German), Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, page 241
^ Pedersen, Holger (1905) “Zur armenischen Sprachgeschichte”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 38, number 2, page 203
Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “կալ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 483
Awetikʻean, G., Siwrmēlean, X., Awgerean, M. (1836–1837) “կալ”, in Nor baṙgirkʻ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
Ġazarean, Ṙubēn (2006) “կալ”, in Grabari homanišneri baṙaran [Dictionary of Old Armenian Synonyms], Yerevan: University Press
Petrosean, Matatʻeay (1879) “կալ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʻ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, pages 69-70