חמס

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Hebrew

Root
ח־מ־ס (kh-m-s)

Etymology

Cognate with Aramaic (ḥ-m-s, “criminality, violence”), Akkadian (ḫummusu, “to oppress”), (ḫamsu, “maltreated”), (ḫimsātu, “wrongful possessions”), and Arabic (ḫamisa, “to be(come) hard, firm, strict, severe, afflictive”).[1]

Semantically similar yet unrelated to Biblical Hebrew חמץ (“to oppress, to be ruthless”), Akkadian (ḫamāṣu, “to tear off, to strip, to flay; to plunder, to ransack”), Classical Syriac (ḥammeṣ, “to shame”), Sabaean (ḫmṣ, “to deface (an inscription)”), and Ge'ez (ʕammaḍa, “to do wrong, do violence, injure, harm”).[1]

Unlikely related to Arabic حَمَاس (ḥamās, “zeal”), as Akkadian cognates suggest Proto-Semitic initial *ḫ-, whence Hebrew ḫ- > ḥ- and Arabic ḫ-,[2][3] not ḥ-.

Verb

חָמַס • (khamás) (pa'al construction)

  1. to rob
    1. (Jewish law) to rob with violence
  2. to oppress

Conjugation

Conjugation of חָמַס (see also Appendix:Hebrew verbs) 
non-finite forms
finite forms singular plural
m. f. m. f.
past first חָמַסְתִּי חָמַסְנוּ
second חָמַסְתָּ חָמַסְתְּ חֲמַסְתֶּם1 חֲמַסְתֶּן1
third חָמַס חָמְסָה חָמְסוּ
present חוֹמֵס חוֹמֶסֶת חוֹמְסִים חוֹמְסוֹת
future first אחמוס / אֶחֱמֹס נחמוס / נַחֲמֹס
second תחמוס / תַּחֲמֹס תַּחַמְסִי תַּחַמְסוּ תחמוסנה / תַּחֲמֹסְנָה2
third יחמוס / יַחֲמֹס תחמוס / תַּחֲמֹס יַחַמְסוּ תחמוסנה / תַּחֲמֹסְנָה2
imperative חמוס / חֲמֹס חִמְסִי חִמְסוּ חמוסנה / חֲמֹסְנָה2
notes
  1. Pronounced חָמַסְתֶּם and חָמַסְתֶּן in informal Modern Hebrew.
  2. Rare in Modern Hebrew.

or

Conjugation of חָמַס (see also Appendix:Hebrew verbs) 
non-finite forms
finite forms singular plural
m. f. m. f.
past first חָמַסְתִּי חָמַסְנוּ
second חָמַסְתָּ חָמַסְתְּ חֲמַסְתֶּם1 חֲמַסְתֶּן1
third חָמַס חָמְסָה חָמְסוּ
present חוֹמֵס חוֹמֶסֶת חוֹמְסִים חוֹמְסוֹת
future first אחמוס / אֶחְמֹס נחמוס / נַחְמֹס
second תחמוס / תַּחְמֹס תַּחְמְסִי תַּחְמְסוּ תחמוסנה / תַּחְמֹסְנָה2
third יחמוס / יַחְמֹס תחמוס / תַּחְמֹס יַחְמְסוּ תחמוסנה / תַּחְמֹסְנָה2
imperative חמוס / חֲמֹס חִמְסִי חִמְסוּ חמוסנה / חֲמֹסְנָה2
notes
  1. Pronounced חָמַסְתֶּם and חָמַסְתֶּן in informal Modern Hebrew.
  2. Rare in Modern Hebrew.

Noun

חָמָס • (khamás) m (plural indefinite חֲמָסִים, singular construct חֲמַס־, plural construct חִמְסֵי־)

  1. robbery, theft
  2. violence, evildoing, injustice
    • Tanach, Genesis 6:11, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:
      וַתִּשָּׁחֵ֥ת הָאָ֖רֶץ לִפְנֵ֣י הָֽאֱלֹהִ֑ים וַתִּמָּלֵ֥א הָאָ֖רֶץ חָמָֽס׃
      wattiššāḥêṯ hā’āreṣ lip̄nê hā’ĕlōhîm; wattimmālê hā’āreṣ ḥāmās.
      And the earth was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Huehnergard, John, quoted in Mair, Victor (2023 January 14) “Sanskrit hiṃsā // Hebrew khamás // Arabic ḥamās”, in Language Log‎
  2. ^ Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 55
  3. ^ Lipinśki, Edward (1997) Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar. Leuven: Peeters, p. 150
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