خشخاش
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خَشْخَاش
Arabic
Etymology
Pronunciation
Noun
خَشْخَاش • (ḵašḵāš) m (collective, singulative خَشْخَاشَة f (ḵašḵāša), plural خَشَاخِيش (ḵašāḵīš))
Declension
Declension of noun خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)
| Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَشْخَاش ḵašḵāš |
الْخَشْخَاش al-ḵašḵāš |
خَشْخَاش ḵašḵāš |
| Nominative | خَشْخَاشٌ ḵašḵāšun |
الْخَشْخَاشُ al-ḵašḵāšu |
خَشْخَاشُ ḵašḵāšu |
| Accusative | خَشْخَاشًا ḵašḵāšan |
الْخَشْخَاشَ al-ḵašḵāša |
خَشْخَاشَ ḵašḵāša |
| Genitive | خَشْخَاشٍ ḵašḵāšin |
الْخَشْخَاشِ al-ḵašḵāši |
خَشْخَاشِ ḵašḵāši |
| Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَشْخَاشَة ḵašḵāša |
الْخَشْخَاشَة al-ḵašḵāša |
خَشْخَاشَة ḵašḵāšat |
| Nominative | خَشْخَاشَةٌ ḵašḵāšatun |
الْخَشْخَاشَةُ al-ḵašḵāšatu |
خَشْخَاشَةُ ḵašḵāšatu |
| Accusative | خَشْخَاشَةً ḵašḵāšatan |
الْخَشْخَاشَةَ al-ḵašḵāšata |
خَشْخَاشَةَ ḵašḵāšata |
| Genitive | خَشْخَاشَةٍ ḵašḵāšatin |
الْخَشْخَاشَةِ al-ḵašḵāšati |
خَشْخَاشَةِ ḵašḵāšati |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | خَشْخَاشَتَيْن ḵašḵāšatayn |
الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْن al-ḵašḵāšatayn |
خَشْخَاشَتَيْ ḵašḵāšatay |
| Nominative | خَشْخَاشَتَانِ ḵašḵāšatāni |
الْخَشْخَاشَتَانِ al-ḵašḵāšatāni |
خَشْخَاشَتَا ḵašḵāšatā |
| Accusative | خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ ḵašḵāšatayni |
الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ al-ḵašḵāšatayni |
خَشْخَاشَتَيْ ḵašḵāšatay |
| Genitive | خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ ḵašḵāšatayni |
الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ al-ḵašḵāšatayni |
خَشْخَاشَتَيْ ḵašḵāšatay |
| Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَشْخَاشَات ḵašḵāšāt |
الْخَشْخَاشَات al-ḵašḵāšāt |
خَشْخَاشَات ḵašḵāšāt |
| Nominative | خَشْخَاشَاتٌ ḵašḵāšātun |
الْخَشْخَاشَاتُ al-ḵašḵāšātu |
خَشْخَاشَاتُ ḵašḵāšātu |
| Accusative | خَشْخَاشَاتٍ ḵašḵāšātin |
الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ al-ḵašḵāšāti |
خَشْخَاشَاتِ ḵašḵāšāti |
| Genitive | خَشْخَاشَاتٍ ḵašḵāšātin |
الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ al-ḵašḵāšāti |
خَشْخَاشَاتِ ḵašḵāšāti |
| Plural of variety | basic broken plural diptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَشَاخِيش ḵašāḵīš |
الْخَشَاخِيش al-ḵašāḵīš |
خَشَاخِيش ḵašāḵīš |
| Nominative | خَشَاخِيشُ ḵašāḵīšu |
الْخَشَاخِيشُ al-ḵašāḵīšu |
خَشَاخِيشُ ḵašāḵīšu |
| Accusative | خَشَاخِيشَ ḵašāḵīša |
الْخَشَاخِيشَ al-ḵašāḵīša |
خَشَاخِيشَ ḵašāḵīša |
| Genitive | خَشَاخِيشَ ḵašāḵīša |
الْخَشَاخِيشِ al-ḵašāḵīši |
خَشَاخِيشِ ḵašāḵīši |
Descendants
- Maltese: xaħxieħ, ħuxħax, ħoxħax
- →⇒ Aragonese: cascall
- →⇒ Catalan: cascall
- → Spanish: cascal (Murcia)
References
- Corriente, Federico (2008) “cascal”, in Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords. Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 97), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 251a
- Freytag, Georg (1830) “خشخاش”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 488
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “خشخاش”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 336
Persian
خشخاش
Etymology
Related to Central Kurdish قاشقاشە (qaşqaşe), Pashto قشقاق (qašqâš), قاشقاش (qâšqâš), and further likely to Middle Armenian կակաչ (kakačʻ), Georgian ყაყაჩო (q̇aq̇ačo), Karachay-Balkar къачхач (qaçxaç), Kumyk шакъшакъ (şaqşaq), Abaza къвашвхӏа (qʷʼašʷḥa), Kabardian ӏущхьэ (ʼwuśḥɛ), Japanese 芥子 (けし, keshi), all denoting "(opium) poppy".
According to Pictet, ultimately from Sanskrit खस्खस (khaskhasa, “poppy”), a reduplication of खस (khasa, “itch, scab”), because poppy was supposedly used against it. Note also the Sanskrit compound खसतिल (khasa-tila, “poppy”).
Noun
خشخاش • (xašxâš)
Descendants
- → Arabic: خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)
- → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܚܫܚܫ (ḥašḥāš)
- → Azerbaijani: xaşxaş
- → Georgian: ხაშხაში (xašxaši), ღაჟღაჟი (ɣažɣaži), ღაშღაში (ɣašɣaši)
- → Kumyk: хашхаш (xaşxaş)
- → Malayalam: കശകശ (kaśakaśa)
- → Middle Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
- Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
- → Northern Kurdish: xaşxaş
- → Ottoman Turkish: خشخاش (haşhaş)
- Turkish: haşhaş
- → Pashto: خاشخاش (xâšxâš)
Further reading
- Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “խաշխաշ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, page 333
- Pictet, Adolphe (1859) Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique, volume I, Paris: J. Cherbuliez, pages 295–296
- Šaniʒe, Aḳaḳi (1980) Kartuli enis gramaṭiḳis sapuʒvlebi [Basics of Georgian Grammar] (Txzulebani tormeṭ ṭomad; 3) (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press, § 182, page 150
- Xabičev, M. A. (1980) Vzaimovlijanije jazykov narodov Zapadnovo Kavkaza [The language interaction of Western Caucasus peoples] (in Russian), Cherkessk: Karačajevo-Čerkesskoje otdelenije Stavropolʹskovo knižnovo izdatelʹstva, page 29