خندق

Arabic

Etymology

An Iranian borrowing: compare Persian (kandak), (kanda), Old Armenian քանդակ (kʻandak) (also from Iranian).

Verb

خَنْدَقَ • (ḵandaqa) Iq, non-past يُخَنْدِقُ‎ (yuḵandiqu)

to dig a trench, to make a trench
to dig a moat, to make a moat

Conjugation

Conjugation of

خَنْدَقَ

(form-Iq sound)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					خَنْدَقَة ḵandaqa
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					مُخَنْدِق muḵandiq
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مُخَنْدَق muḵandaq
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خَنْدَقْتُ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتَ ḵandaqta	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقْتُمَا ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā	خَنْدَقْنَا ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُمْ ḵandaqtum	خَنْدَقُوا ḵandaqū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	خَنْدَقْتُ ḵandaqtu	خَنْدَقْتِ ḵandaqti	خَنْدَقَتْ ḵandaqat	خَنْدَقْتُمَا ḵandaqtumā	خَنْدَقَتَا ḵandaqatā	خَنْدَقْنَا ḵandaqnā	خَنْدَقْتُنَّ ḵandaqtunna	خَنْدَقْنَ ḵandaqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدِقُ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُ tuḵandiqu	يُخَنْدِقُ yuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	يُخَنْدِقَانِ yuḵandiqāni	نُخَنْدِقُ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقُونَ tuḵandiqūna	يُخَنْدِقُونَ yuḵandiqūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُخَنْدِقُ ʔuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقِينَ tuḵandiqīna	تُخَنْدِقُ tuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	تُخَنْدِقَانِ tuḵandiqāni	نُخَنْدِقُ nuḵandiqu	تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدِقَ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَ tuḵandiqa	يُخَنْدِقَ yuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا yuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقَ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقُوا tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا yuḵandiqū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُخَنْدِقَ ʔuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقِي tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقَ tuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقَ nuḵandiqa	تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدِقْ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْ tuḵandiq	يُخَنْدِقْ yuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	يُخَنْدِقَا yuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقْ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقُوا tuḵandiqū	يُخَنْدِقُوا yuḵandiqū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُخَنْدِقْ ʔuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقِي tuḵandiqī	تُخَنْدِقْ tuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	تُخَنْدِقَا tuḵandiqā	نُخَنْدِقْ nuḵandiq	تُخَنْدِقْنَ tuḵandiqna	يُخَنْدِقْنَ yuḵandiqna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		خَنْدِقْ ḵandiq		خَنْدِقَا ḵandiqā			خَنْدِقُوا ḵandiqū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		خَنْدِقِي ḵandiqī		خَنْدِقَا ḵandiqā			خَنْدِقْنَ ḵandiqna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	خُنْدِقْتُ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتَ ḵundiqta	خُنْدِقَ ḵundiqa	خُنْدِقْتُمَا ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَا ḵundiqā	خُنْدِقْنَا ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُمْ ḵundiqtum	خُنْدِقُوا ḵundiqū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	خُنْدِقْتُ ḵundiqtu	خُنْدِقْتِ ḵundiqti	خُنْدِقَتْ ḵundiqat	خُنْدِقْتُمَا ḵundiqtumā	خُنْدِقَتَا ḵundiqatā	خُنْدِقْنَا ḵundiqnā	خُنْدِقْتُنَّ ḵundiqtunna	خُنْدِقْنَ ḵundiqna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أُخَنْدَقُ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُ tuḵandaqu	يُخَنْدَقُ yuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	يُخَنْدَقَانِ yuḵandaqāni	نُخَنْدَقُ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقُونَ tuḵandaqūna	يُخَنْدَقُونَ yuḵandaqūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	f	أُخَنْدَقُ ʔuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقِينَ tuḵandaqīna	تُخَنْدَقُ tuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	تُخَنْدَقَانِ tuḵandaqāni	نُخَنْدَقُ nuḵandaqu	تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُخَنْدَقَ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَ tuḵandaqa	يُخَنْدَقَ yuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا yuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقَ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقُوا tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا yuḵandaqū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُخَنْدَقَ ʔuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقِي tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقَ tuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقَ nuḵandaqa	تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُخَنْدَقْ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْ tuḵandaq	يُخَنْدَقْ yuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	يُخَنْدَقَا yuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقْ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقُوا tuḵandaqū	يُخَنْدَقُوا yuḵandaqū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُخَنْدَقْ ʔuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقِي tuḵandaqī	تُخَنْدَقْ tuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	تُخَنْدَقَا tuḵandaqā	نُخَنْدَقْ nuḵandaq	تُخَنْدَقْنَ tuḵandaqna	يُخَنْدَقْنَ yuḵandaqna

Noun

خَنْدَق • (ḵandaq) m (plural خَنَادِق (ḵanādiq))

trench
moat

Declension

Declension of noun خَنْدَق (ḵandaq)

Singular	basic singular triptote
Singular	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَق ḵandaq	الْخَنْدَق al-ḵandaq	خَنْدَق ḵandaq
Nominative	خَنْدَقٌ ḵandaqun	الْخَنْدَقُ al-ḵandaqu	خَنْدَقُ ḵandaqu
Accusative	خَنْدَقًا ḵandaqan	الْخَنْدَقَ al-ḵandaqa	خَنْدَقَ ḵandaqa
Genitive	خَنْدَقٍ ḵandaqin	الْخَنْدَقِ al-ḵandaqi	خَنْدَقِ ḵandaqi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنْدَقَيْن ḵandaqayn	الْخَنْدَقَيْن al-ḵandaqayn	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Nominative	خَنْدَقَانِ ḵandaqāni	الْخَنْدَقَانِ al-ḵandaqāni	خَنْدَقَا ḵandaqā
Accusative	خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Genitive	خَنْدَقَيْنِ ḵandaqayni	الْخَنْدَقَيْنِ al-ḵandaqayni	خَنْدَقَيْ ḵandaqay
Plural	basic broken plural diptote
Plural	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَنَادِق ḵanādiq	الْخَنَادِق al-ḵanādiq	خَنَادِق ḵanādiq
Nominative	خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu	الْخَنَادِقُ al-ḵanādiqu	خَنَادِقُ ḵanādiqu
Accusative	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقَ al-ḵanādiqa	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa
Genitive	خَنَادِقَ ḵanādiqa	الْخَنَادِقِ al-ḵanādiqi	خَنَادِقِ ḵanādiqi

Descendants

→ Old Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
- Middle Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
  - → Armenian: խանդակ (xandak)
→ Middle Armenian: խանտակ (xantak)
→ Byzantine Greek: Χάνδαξ (Khándax), Χάνδακας (Khándakas)
- → Latin: Candia
  - → English: Candy
- ⇒ Byzantine Greek: χανδάκιον (khandákion), χαντάκιον (khantákion)
  - Greek: χαντάκι (chantáki), χανδάκι (chandáki)
→ Northern Kurdish: xendek, xendeq
→ Persian: خندق (xandaq), کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)
- → Azerbaijani: xəndək
- → Hindustani:
  Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)
  Urdu: خندق (xandaq)
  Marathi: खंदक (khandak)
  Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)
  Konkani: खंदक (khandak)
  Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)
  Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)
  Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
- → Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
  - Turkish: hendek
  - → Albanian: hendek
  - → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
  - → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
  - → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek
→ Swahili: handaki
→ Tajik: хандақ (xandaq)
- → Uzbek: xandaq

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian (xandaq), itself from Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq, “trench, moat”).

Noun

خندق • (hendek) (plural خنادق (henadik))

(military) trench, a narrow excavation as used in warfare
moat, a deep and defensive ditch normally filled with water
(in general) ditch, trench, gutter, any long, shallow indentation
Synonym: آرق (ark) (irrigation ditch)

Derived terms

برج خندغی (burc hendeği, “fosse, moat”)
صو خندغی (su hendeği, “moat”)
قورو خندغی (kuru hendeği, “dried ditch”)

Descendants

Turkish: hendek
→ Albanian: hendek
→ Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
→ Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
→ Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

Persian

Alternative forms

کنده (kanda), کندک (kandak), خندک (xandak)

Etymology

From Arabic خَنْدَق (ḵandaq), from Middle Persian *handag (whence Persian (handak, “moat”)).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key):

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key):
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key):
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key):

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key):

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key):

Readings
Classical reading^?	xandaq
Dari reading^?	xandaq
Iranian reading^?	xandağ
Tajik reading^?	xandaq

Noun

خندق • (xandaq) (plural خندق‌ها (xandaq-hâ))

moat

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: xəndək
→ Hindustani:
Hindi: खन्दक (khandak)

Urdu: خندق (xandaq)

Marathi: खंदक (khandak)

Kannada: ಕಂದಕ (kandaka)

Konkani: खंदक (khandak)

Odia: ଖନ୍ଦକ (khôndôkô)

Punjabi: ਖੱਡਾ (khaḍḍā)

Telugu: కందకము (kandakamu)
→ Ottoman Turkish: خندق (hendek)
- Turkish: hendek
- → Albanian: hendek
- → Aromanian: hãndac, hãnacup, hãndachi, hindechi, endec, endecu
- → Middle Armenian: խէնտէկ (xēntēk), խէնդէկ (xēndēk)
- → Serbo-Croatian: јѐндек / jendek

خندق

Contents

Arabic

Etymology

Verb

Conjugation

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Noun

Derived terms

Descendants

Further reading

Persian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Noun

Descendants

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia