خود

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See also: جود

Persian

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Etymology 1

From Middle Persian BNPŠE, 𐭡𐭭𐭯𐭱𐭤 (xwad), from Old Persian *hvatah. Related to خدا (xodâ, God).

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? xwaḏ
Dari reading? xud
Iranian reading? xod
Tajik reading? xud

Noun

Dari خود
Iranian Persian
Tajik худ

خود (xod)

  1. self, the self

Pronoun

Dari خود
Iranian Persian
Tajik худ

خود (xod)

  1. (reflexive) self, -self
    Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
    • c. 1260, Rumi, The Masnavi:
      حمله بر خود می‌کنی ای ساده مرد، همچو آن شیری که بر خود حمله کرد.
      hamle bar xod mi-koni ey sâde mard, hamčo ân šir-i ke bar xod hamle kard.
      You are attacking yourself, o simple man, like that lion who attacked himself.
    • 2009, Shadmehr Aghili (lyrics and music), “تقدیر (taqdir)”:
      تو با خودت هم دشمنی.
      to bâ xod-et ham došman-i.
      You are an enemy even with yourself.
  2. (emphatic) one's own (in possessive constructions)
    Synonym: خویش (xiš, literary)
    مادر خود را نمی‌شناسی؟ (More literary)
    mâdar-e xod-râ ne-mi-šenâsi?
    مادر خودت رو نمی‌شناسی؟ (More colloquial)
    mâdar-e xod-et-o ne-mi-šnâsi?
    Don’t you recognize your own mother?
Usage notes

خود (xod) can occur both in isolation and before a suffixed pronominal clitic such as م (-am, my), ت (-at, et, your), and ش (-aš, eš, his/her). In isolation, it serves as a general reflexive pronoun for any subject:

  • خود را دیدم
    xod-râ didam
    I saw self
  • خود را دیدی
    xod-râ didi
    you saw self

The pronominal clitics specify the pronoun:

  • خودم را دیدم
    xod-am-râ didam
    I saw myself
  • خودت را دیدی
    xod-at-râ didi
    you saw yourself

In colloquial Persian, the suffixed forms are almost always used.

Derived terms
Descendants

References


Etymology 2

From Middle Persian xwd (xōd, helm), borrowed from Parthian xwwd (*xōδ, helmet), from Old Iranian, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kadʰ- (to guard, cover, care for, protect). The Parthian word is cognate with Old Persian 𐎧𐎢𐎭𐎠 (xaudā-, hat), Avestan 𐬑𐬀𐬊𐬜𐬀 (xaoδa, helmet), Ossetian худ (xud, hat), English hat, hood, etc. The inherited form of the Persian is خوی (xoy). Akin to Old Armenian խոյր (xoyr), արտախոյր (artaxoyr), Georgian ხვირი (xviri), Arabic خُوذَة (ḵūḏa), Iranian borrowings.

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? xōḏ
Dari reading? xōd
Iranian reading? xud
Tajik reading? xüd

Noun

Dari خود
Iranian Persian
Tajik хӯд

خود (xud) (plural خودها (xud-hâ))

  1. a helmet
    Synonym: ترگ (targ)
Derived terms
Descendants
  • Punjabi:
    Gurmukhi script: ਖੋਦ (khod)
    Shahmukhi script: خود (xod)

References

  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1971–1979) “խոյր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian خْوَد (xwad)/خْوُد (xwud).

Pronunciation

  • (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /xʊd̪/, /xwʊd̪/
  • (file)

Pronoun

خود (xud, xvud) (Hindi spelling ख़ुद)

  1. reflexive pronoun: oneself, one's own
    میں یہ کام خود کروں گا۔ma͠i ye kām xud karūṅgā.I will do this work myself.

Synonyms

Derived terms

References

  • Platts, John T. (1884) “خود”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.