دشمن

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Azerbaijani

Noun

دشمن (düşmən) (definite accusative دشمنی (düşməni), plural دشمنلر (düşmənlər))

  1. Arabic spelling of düşmən (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دشمن
singular plural
nominative دشمن دشمنلر
definite accusative دشمنی دشمنلری
dative دشمنه دشمنلره
locative دشمنده دشمنلرده
ablative دشمندن دشمنلردن
definite genitive دشمنین دشمنلرین

Baluchi

Noun

دشمن • (dušman)

  1. enemy

See also

Khalaj

Noun

دُشمَن (duşman) (definite accusative دُشمَنؽ, plural دُشمَنلار)

  1. Arabic spelling of duşman (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دشمن
singular plural
nominative دشمن دشمنلار
genitive دشمنؽݧ دشمنلارؽݧ
dative دشمنقا دشمنلارقا
definite accusative دشمنؽ دشمنلارؽ
locative دشمنچا دشمنلارچا
ablative دشمندا دشمنلاردا
instrumental دشمنلا دشمنلارلا
equative دشمنوارا دشمنلاروارا

Ottoman Turkish

Alternative forms

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن (došman).

Noun

دشمن • (düşmen, düşman)

  1. enemy, foe
    Synonyms: خصم (hasm, hasım), یاغی (yağı)
    • 1927 October, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk‎, page 500:
      دشمنلر و خلیفه‌لر برابر اوله‌بیلیرلر و هر شی یاپمغه تشبث ایده‌بیلیرلر. فقط ، یكی توركیه‌نك طرز اداره‌سنی ، سیاستنی ، قوتی قطعیاً صارصه‌مزلر.
      Düşmanlar ve halifeler beraber olabilirler ve her şey yapmaya teşebbüs edebilirler. Fakat, yeñi Türkiye'nin tarz idaresini, siyasetini, kuvveti katiyen sarsamazlar.
      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Descendants

Persian

Persian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia fa

Etymology

From Middle Persian (dwšmn'), (dwšmyn'), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗 (dwšmyn /⁠dušmēn⁠/, “enemy”), from Proto-Iranian *dušmánah. Compare Ancient Greek δῠσμενής (dusmenḗs), Sanskrit दुर्मनस् (durmanas).

Pronunciation

 

Readings
Classical reading? dušman
Dari reading? dušman
Iranian reading? došman
Tajik reading? dušman
  • Audio (Iran):(file)

Noun

Dari دشمن
Iranian Persian
Tajik душман

دُشْمَن • (došman) (plural دشمنان (došmanân))

  1. enemy
    Antonym: دوسْت (dust)

Inflection

    Enclitic-attached forms of دشمن (došman) (Iranian Persian)
    Basic forms of دشمن (došman)
singular plural
bare دشمن
(došman) 		دشمن‌ها
(došman-hấ)
دشمنا △
(došmanấ)
definitive direct object دشمن را
(došman râ)
دشمن رو △
(došmano) 		دشمن‌ها را
(došman-hấ râ)
دشمنا رو △
(došmanấ ro)
ezâfe دشمن
(došman-e) 		دشمن‌های
(došman-hấ-ye)
دشمنای △
(došmanấ-ye)
marked indefinite
or relative definite 		دشمنی
(došman-i) 		دشمن‌هایی
(došmanấn-i, došman-hấ-i)
دشمنایی △
(došmanấi)
△ Colloquial.
    Possessive forms of دشمن (došman)
singular plural
1st person singular
(“my”) 		دشمنم
(došmanam) 		دشمن‌هایم
(došman-hấyam)
دشمن‌هام، دشمنام △
(došmanấm)
2nd person singular
(“your”) 		دشمنت
(došmanat)
△
(došmanet) 		دشمن‌هایت
(došman-hấyat)
دشمن‌هات، دشمنات △
(došmanất)
3rd person singular
(“his, her, its”) 		دشمنش
(došmanaš)
△
(došmaneš) 		دشمن‌هایش
(došman-hấyaš)
دشمن‌هاش، دشمناش △
(došmanấš)
1st plural
(“our”) 		دشمنمان
(došmanemân)
دشمنمون △
(došmanemun) 		دشمن‌هایمان
(došman-hấyemân)
دشمن‌هامون، دشمنامون △
(došmanấmun)
2nd plural
(“your”) 		دشمنتان
(došmanetân)
دشمنتون △
(došmanetun) 		دشمن‌هایتان
(došman-hấyetân)
دشمن‌هاتون، دشمناتون △
(došmanấtun)
3rd plural
(“their”) 		دشمنشان
(došmanešân)
دشمنشون △
(došmanešun) 		دشمن‌هایشان
(došman-hấyešân)
دشمن‌هاشون، دشمناشون △
(došmanấšun)
△ Colloquial.
    Predicative forms of دشمن (došman)
singular plural
1st person
(“I am, we are”) 		دشمنم
(došmanam) 		دشمنیم
(došmanim)
2nd person
(“you are”) 		دشمنی
(došmani) 		دشمنید
(došmanid)
دشمنین △
(došmanin)
3rd person
(“he/she/it is, they are”) 		دشمن است
(došman ast)
دشمنه △
(došmane) 		دشمنند
(došmanand)
دشمنن △
(došmanan)
△ Colloquial.

Derived terms

Descendants

References

  • Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1973) “թշնամի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume II, Yerevan: University Press, pages 191–192

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Urdu دُشْمَن (duśman).

Pronunciation

Noun

دُشْمَݨ • (duśmaṇ) m (Gurmukhi spelling ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ)

  1. enemy, villain

References

  • “دشمن”, in Punjabi-English Dictionary, Patiala: Punjabi University, 2024

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian دشمن (dušman). Compare Punjabi دُشْمَݨ (duśmaṇ).

Pronunciation

Noun

دُشْمَن • (duśman) m (Hindi spelling दुश्मन)

  1. enemy, foe
    Synonyms: شَتْرُو (śatrū), بَیری (bairī)
    • 1904, Muhammad Iqbal, Tarānā-e-Hind :
      کُچھ بات ہَے کِہ ہَسْتی مِٹْتی نَہِیں ہَماری
      صَدِیوں رَہَا ہَے دُشْمَن دَورِ زَماں ہَمارا
      kuch bāt hai ki hastī miṭtī nahī̃ hamārī
      sadiyõ rahā hai duśman daur-i zamā̃ hamārā
      There is something about our existence for it doesn't get wiped
      Even though, for centuries, the time-cycle has been our enemy.
  2. opponent
    Synonym: مُخالِف (muxālif)

Declension

    Declension of دشمن
singular plural
direct دُشْمَن (duśman) دُشْمَن (duśman)
oblique دُشْمَن (duśman) دُشْمَنوں (duśmanõ)
vocative دُشْمَن (duśman) دُشْمَنو (duśmano)

Further reading

  • “دشمن”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • “دشمن”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
  • Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “دشمن”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co., page 308
  • Platts, John T. (1884) “دشمن”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co., page 518
  • S. W. Fallon (1879) “دشمن”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co., page 628
  • John Shakespear (1834) “دشمن”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC, page 860
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