ـاد

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Persian

Etymology

Inherited from Middle Persian (-ād, the third-person singular subjunctive ending).

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key):

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key):
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key):
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key):

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key):

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key):

Readings
Classical reading^?	‿āḏ
Dari reading^?	‿ād
Iranian reading^?	‿âd
Tajik reading^?	‿od

Suffix

ـاد • (-âd)

(obsolete, Classical Persian) may...; verbal suffix of the optative, attached to the present stem.
- c. 1011, Abu'l-Qāsim Firdawsī, “The reign of Iskandar”, in شاهنامه [Book of Kings]‎:
  که یزدان ترا مزد نیکان دهاد
  بداندیش را درد پیکان دهاد
  ki yazdān tu-rā muzd-i nēkān dihād
  badandēš rā dard-i paykān dihād
  May God give the reward of the virtuous to you,
  May He give the torment of the spear to those of wicked thought.
  (Classical Persian romanization)

Usage notes

In modern usage, it survives only in the word (bâd, “may... be”), the optative of (budan, “to be”), in expressions such as (zende bâd, “long live”).

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