قوم

Arabic

Etymology 1

Compare قَامَ (qāma, “to rise”).

Verb

قَوَّمَ • (qawwama) II, non-past يُقَوِّمُ‎ (yuqawwimu)

1. (transitive) to raise
2. (transitive) to evaluate
3. (transitive) to adjust

Conjugation

References

• Mace, John (2007) “قوم”, in Arabic Verbs, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc., →ISBN

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qawm/

Noun

قَوْم • (qawm) m

1. verbal noun of قَامَ (qāma, “to get up”) (form I)
2. standing up, rising, placing upright, remaining, abiding

Declension

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

Noun

قَوْم • (qawm) m (plural أَقْوَام (ʔaqwām))

1. people, nation, tribe
2. some people, someone, a certain
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 28:21:

     فَخَرَجَ مِنْهَا خَائِفًا يَتَرَقَّبُ قَالَ رَبِّ نَجِّنِي مِنَ الْقَوْمِ الظَّالِمِينَ

     faḵaraja minhā ḵāʔifan yataraqqabu qāla rabbi najjinī mina l-qawmi ẓ-ẓālimīna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (group of) men
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 49:11:

     يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِّن قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِّن نِّسَاءٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِّنْهُنَّ

     yā ʔayyuhā allaḏīna ʔāmanū lā yasḵar qawmun mmin qawmin ʕasā ʔan yakūnū ḵayran mminhum walā nisāʔun mmin nnisāʔin ʕasā ʔan yakunna ḵayran mminhunna

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. family
5. sect

Declension

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: qövm, qohum
• → Persian: قوم
  • Tajik: қавм (qavm)
  • → Punjabi:

    Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)

    Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

• → Ottoman Turkish: قوم
  • Turkish: kum
  • → Armenian: խում (xum), ղում (ġum)
  • → Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: ку̏м

    Latin script: kȕm

• → Uyghur: قوۋم (qowm)

References

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “قوم”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎, London: W.H. Allen

Adjective

قُوَّم • (quwwam)

1. inflection of قَائِم (qāʔim):
   1. masculine plural
   2. feminine plural

Azerbaijani

Noun

قۇم (qum)

1. Arabic spelling of qum (“sand”)

Declension

Hijazi Arabic

Etymology 1

From Arabic قَوَّم (qawwam).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡawwam/

Verb

قوم • (gawwam) II (non-past يِقَوِّم (yimawwit), verbal noun تَقْويم (tagwīm))

1. to awaken

   Synonym: صَحَّى (ṣaḥḥa)

2. to rise up
3. to erect

Conjugation

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuːm/

Verb

قوم • (gūm)

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of قام (gām)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡawwim/

Verb

قوم • (gawwim)

1. second-person masculine singular imperative of قَوِّم (gawwam)

Moroccan Arabic

Etymology 1

From Arabic قَوَّمَ (qawwama).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qaw.wam/

Verb

قوم • (qawwam) II (non-past يقوم (yqawwam))

1. (transitive) to evaluate

Conjugation

Etymology 2

From Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /qawm/, /quːm/

Noun

قَوْم or قُوم • (qawm or qūm) m (plural أقوام (ʔaqwām))

1. people, nation

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kum (“sand”); cognate with Azerbaijani qum, Bashkir ҡом (qom), Kazakh құм (qūm), Kyrgyz кум (kum), Turkmen gum, Uyghur قۇم (qum) and Uzbek qum.

Noun

قوم • (kum)

1. sand, finely ground rock which forms beaches and deserts

   Synonyms: رمل (reml), ریگ (rig)

2. gravel, chisel, small fragments of rock

   Synonym: چاقل (çakıl)

3. (medicine) kidney stones, a calculus in the kidney
4. (figuratively) anything that is as numerous as grains of sand

Derived terms

Descendants

• Turkish: kum
• → Armenian: խում (xum), ղում (ġum)
• → Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic script: ку̏м

  Latin script: kȕm

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “kum1”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 2833
• Hindoglu, Artin (1838) “قوم”, in Hazine-i lûgat ou dictionnaire abrégé turc-français‎, Vienna: F. Beck, page 377a
• Kélékian, Diran (1911) “قوم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français‎, Constantinople: Mihran, page 990
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Arena”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum‎, Vienna, column 81
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “قوم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum‎, Vienna, columns 3805–3806
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “kum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890) “قوم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon‎, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 1496

Persian

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

Noun

قُوْم • (qowm) (plural اقوام (aqvâm))

1. people, nation, tribe
   • 1048-1131, Omar Khayyám, Rubáiyát

     قومی متفکرند اندر ره دین ― qowm-i motefakker-and andar rah-e din ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     قومی به گمان فتاده در راه یقین ― qowm-i be-gamân fetâde dar râh-e yaqin ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     می‌ترسم از آنکه بانگ آید روزی ― mi-tarsam az ân-ke bâng âyad ruzi ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

     کای بی‌خبران راه نه آنست و نه این ― key bi-xabarân! râh na ân-ast o na in ― (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. ethnic group

Descendants

• Tajik: қавм (qavm)
• → Punjabi:

  Gurmukhi script: ਕੌਮ (kaum)

  Shahmukhi script: قوم (kaum)

Punjabi

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Noun

قَوم • (qaum) f (Gurmukhi spelling ਕੌਮ)

1. nation, people

Synonyms

• (people): نسل (nasal)

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic قَوْم (qawm).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /qɔːm/

• Audio (IN)

  (file)

Noun

قَوم • (qaum) f (formal plural اقوام, Hindi spelling क़ौम)

1. nation

   بابائے قَوم ― bābāe qaum ― father of the nation

2. people, community

   قَومِ لُوط ― qaum-i lūt ― people of Lot

3. race

Synonyms

• (people, community): سَمُدائے (samudāe), سَمْپَرْدائے (sampardāe), سَن٘گَت (saṅgat), گِروہ (giroh), سَماج (samāj), مُعاشِرَہ (mu'āśira), بَرادرِی (barādrī), اُمَّت (ummat)
• (race): نسل (nasl), جاتی (jātī)

Derived terms

• قَومی (qaumī, “national”)
• قَومِیَت (qaumiyat, “nationality”)
• اَقْوامِ مُتَّحِدَہ (aqvām-i muttahida, “United Nations”)
• بَینَ الَاقْوامی (bainal-aqvāmī, “international”)
• قَوم پَرَسْتی (qaum parastī, “nationalism”)

References

• Platts, John T. (1884) “قوم”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• “قوم”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary , Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
• John Shakespear (1834) “قوم”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, →OCLC