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From the Nabataean letter 𐢍 (l, “yodh”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤉 (l, “yodh”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓂝. See also Classical Syriac ܝ (l, “yodh”), Hebrew י (l, “yodh”), Ancient Greek Ι (I), Latin I and Latin J.
ي / يـ / ـيـ / ـي • (yāʔ)
ي / يـ / ـيـ / ـي • (yāʔ)
Compare Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i).
ـِي or ـِيَ or ـيَ • (-ī or -iya or -ya)
أَنَا (ʔanā) has four enclitic forms which are employed in different contexts and are generally not interchangeable. The enclitic forms ـنِي (-nī) and ـنِيَ (-niya) are attached to prepositions ending in نْ (n) with no final vowel (e.g., مِنْ (min) and عَنْ (ʕan)) and to verbs. They may also be added to the class of particles traditionally called "the sisters of إِنَّ (ʔinna)" (except لَعَلَّ (laʕalla)).
The forms ـِي (-ī) and ـيَ (-ya) are used elsewhere mostly interchangeably, though restrictions in metrical poetry often determine which variant is used. All short case endings before the suffix are elided (that is, those of the singular, the broken plural, and the so-called sound feminine plural), as in قَوْلِي (qawlī, “my speech (nominative, accusative, or genitive)”), أَصَابِعِي (ʔaṣābiʕī, “my fingers (nominative, accusative, or genitive)”), and مُعَلِّمَاتِي (muʕallimātī, “my female teachers (nominative, accusative, or genitive)”).
In cases where ـِي (-ī) would be preceded by a long vowel, as when suffixing sound masculine plural nouns, only ـيَ (-ya) is used. If the word ends in a long close vowel (that is, -ū or -ī), the long close vowel assimilates to /i/ and the suffix is geminated, thus producing ـِيَّ (-iyya), as in مُعَلِّمِيَّ (muʕallimiyya, “my teachers (nominative, accusative, or genitive)”) (from مُعَلِّمُو (muʕallimū, “(the) teachers of (nominative)”) or مُعَلِّمِي (muʕallimī, “teachers of (accusative or genitive)”)) and قَاضِيَّ (qāḍiyya, “my judge (nominative, accusative, or genitive); my judges (nominative, accusative, or genitive)”) (from قَاضِي (qāḍī, “(the) judge of (nominative)”) or from قَاضُو (qāḍū, “(the) judges of (nominative)”) or قَاضِي (qāḍī, “(the) judges of (accusative or genitive)”)). Therefore, when suffixed, such nouns, like nouns with short endings, are described as indeclinable in traditional Arabic grammar. However, the last long vowel is retained if it is open (that is, -ā), as in إِصْبَعَايَ (ʔiṣbaʕāya, “my two fingers (nominative)”) (from إِصْبَعَا (ʔiṣbaʕā, “(the) two fingers of (nominative)”). If the word ends in the diphthong -aj, ـيَ (-ya) is used, /j/ is elided, and the suffix is geminated, as in إِصْبَعَيَّ (ʔiṣbaʕayya, “my two fingers (accusative or genitive)”) (from إِصْبَعَيْ (ʔiṣbaʕay, “(the) two fingers of (accusative or genitive)”). Thus, suffixed dual nouns are distinguishable in case, unlike all the other forms.
Arabic personal pronouns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated nominative1 pronouns | ||||
singular | dual | plural | ||
1st person | أَنَا (ʔanā) | نَحْنُ (naḥnu) | ||
2nd person | m | أَنْتَ (ʔanta) | أَنْتُمَا (ʔantumā) | أَنْتُمْ (ʔantum) |
f | أَنْتِ (ʔanti) | أَنْتُنَّ (ʔantunna) | ||
3rd person | m | هُوَ (huwa) | هُمَا (humā) | هُمْ (hum), هُمُ (humu)2 |
f | هِيَ (hiya) | هُنَّ (hunna) | ||
Isolated accusative pronouns | ||||
singular | dual | plural | ||
1st person | إِيَّايَ (ʔiyyāya) | إِيَّانَا (ʔiyyānā) | ||
2nd person | m | إِيَّاكَ (ʔiyyāka) | إِيَّاكُمَا (ʔiyyākumā) | إِيَّاكُم (ʔiyyākum) |
f | إِيَّاكِ (ʔiyyāki) | إِيَّاكُنَّ (ʔiyyākunna) | ||
3rd person | m | إِيَّاهُ (ʔiyyāhu) | إِيَّاهُمَا (ʔiyyāhumā) | إِيَّاهُمْ (ʔiyyāhum) |
f | إِيَّاهَا (ʔiyyāhā) | إِيَّاهُنَّ (ʔiyyāhunna) | ||
Enclitic accusative and genitive pronouns | ||||
singular | dual | plural | ||
1st person | ـنِي (-nī), ـنِيَ (-niya), ـي (-y), ـيَ (-ya)3 | ـنَا (-nā) | ||
2nd person | m | ـكَ (-ka) | ـكُمَا (-kumā) | ـكُم (-kum) |
f | ـكِ (-ki) | ـكُنَّ (-kunna) | ||
3rd person | m | ـهُ (-hu), ـهِ (-hi)4 | ـهُمَا (-humā), ـهِمَا (-himā)3 | ـهُم (-hum), ـهِم (-him)4 |
f | ـهَا (-hā) | ـهُنَّ (-hunna), ـهِنَّ (-hinna)3 | ||
1. Also used to emphasize attached pronouns and as a copula. 2. هُمْ (hum) becomes هُمُ (humu) before the definite article الـ (al--). 3. Specifically, ـنِي (-nī, “me”) is attached to verbs, but ـِي (-ī) or ـيَ (-ya, “my”) is attached to nouns. In the latter case, ـيَ (-ya) is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a long vowel or diphthong (e.g. in the sound masculine plural and the dual), while ـِي (-ī) is attached to nouns whose construct state ends in a short vowel, in which case that vowel is elided (e.g. in the sound feminine plural, as well as the singular and broken plural of most nouns). Furthermore, -ū of the masculine sound plural is assimilated to -ī before ـيَ (-ya) (presumably, -aw of masculine defective -an plurals is similarly assimilated to -ay). Prepositions use ـِي (-ī) or ـيَ (-ya), even though in this case it has the meaning of “me” rather than “my”. The sisters of inna can use either form (e.g. إِنَّنِي (ʔinnanī) or إِنِّي (ʔinnī)). 4. ـهِـ (-hi-) occurs after -i, -ī, or -ay, and ـهُـ (-hu-) elsewhere (after -a, -ā, -u, -ū, -aw). |
Compare Akkadian -ī and Biblical Hebrew ־ִי (-i).
ـِيّ • (-iyy)
يَٰـ • (yā-)
See يا#Usage notes for details.
ي • (jāʔ)
Isolated form | Final form | Medial form | Initial form |
---|---|---|---|
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ |
Alternative scripts | |
---|---|
Arabic | ي |
Cyrillic | И, и/Й, й |
Latin | I, i/İ, i |
Yañalif | I, i/I, i |
ي • (ï, y)
Isolated form | Final form | Medial form | Initial form |
---|---|---|---|
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ |
ي / يـ / ـيـ / ـي
ي • (klaka ye)
Isolated form | Final form | Medial form | Initial form |
---|---|---|---|
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ |
ـي • (-i after consonant, -y after vowel) m or f
South Levantine Arabic enclitic pronouns | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||
after consonant | after vowel | |||
1st person | after verb | ـني (-ni) | ـنا (-na) | |
else | ـِي (-i) | ـي (-y) | ||
2nd person | m | ـَك (-ak) | ـك (-k) | ـكُم (-kom) / ـكو (-ku) |
f | ـِك (-ek) | ـكي (-ki) | ||
3rd person | m | ـُه (-o) | ـه (-h) | ـهُم (-hom) |
f | ـها (-ha) |
ـي • (-i) m (feminine ـيّة (-iyye), plural ـيّين (-iyyīn))
ي • (ye)
Isolated form | Final form | Medial form | Initial form |
---|---|---|---|
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ |
ي (y)
Isolated form | Final form | Medial form | Initial form |
---|---|---|---|
ي | ـي | ـيـ | يـ |