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water clock, clepsydra, being a bronzecup with a small hole in the bottom used for measuring time by placing it into water, it filled in 8 2⁄3 seconds, 1⁄10000 of a day
a measure of time equalling 8 2⁄3 seconds, 1⁄10000 of a day
Meyer, Gustav (1893) “Türkische Studien. I. Die griechischen und romanischen Bestandtheile im Wortschatze des Osmanisch-Türkischen”, in Sitzungsberichte der philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften (in German), volume 128, Wien: In Commission bei F. Tempsky, page 51
Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “پنگان”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 903
Zenker, Julius Theodor (1866) “پنگان”, in Türkisch-arabisch-persisches Handwörterbuch, volume 1 (overall work in German and French), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, page 212
Presumed to be borrowed, alongside Ossetianфынг(fyng), фингӕ(fingæ, “table”), from Ancient Greekπίναξ(pínax), πίνακος(pínakos, “wooden plank, dish, writing table”), possibly via Classical Syriacܦܝܢܟܐ(pinkā). Perhaps cognate with Sanskritपिनाक(pínāka, “staff, stick”). Whereas according to Vinson this is all from a compound of Middle Chinese, Mandarin瓫(pén, “flat dish”)) and 盎(àng, “wide-bellied bowl”) (perhaps instead 銀／银(yín, “silver”), 案(àn, “desk, table”)?), however not attested, so alternatively he suggests 平安(píng'ān, “tranquil, safe”) printed onto Chinese household appliances like vases.
^ Abajev, V. I. (1958–1995) Историко-этимологический словарь осетинского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), Moscow and Leningrad: Academy Press
^ Asatrian, Garnik (2011) “fenjū”, in A Comparative Vocabulary of Central Iranian Dialects (in Persian), Tehran: Safir Ardehal Publications, page 149
^ Nöldeke, Theodor (1892) Persische Studien (Sitzungsberichte der Kais. Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse; 126) (in German), volume II, Vienna, page 38
