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Used after a topic to emphasize, or express surprise or indignation at, information pertaining to it.
او که برگشت! ― u ke bargašt! ― He did go back!
Usage notes
که(ke) cannot be used sentence-initially. Colloquially, it is often dropped when joining two clauses (including in the sense of “to; in order to”), but never for relative clauses.
(conjunction for relative clauses)
Unlike English, which has whose and which can also end relative clauses with prepositions or displace which to after the preposition, Persian که(ke) is used regardless of the semantic relationship and is also fixed at the beginning of the relative clause. Therefore, if the noun phrase is not the subject or direct object of the relative clause, the relative clause must explicitly mark the semantics to avoid ambiguity:
خانهای که به آن فکر میکردند
xâne-'i ke be ân fekr mi-kardand
the house which they were thinking about
(literally, “the house that they were thinking about it”)
زنی که بچهاش در قطار به دنیا آمد
zani ke bačče-aš dar qatâr be donyâ âmad
the woman whose child was born in a train
(literally, “the woman that her child was born in a train”)
If the noun phrase is the direct object of the relative clause, marking it with the particle را(râ) within the subordinate clause is possible, although it is not obligatory and sometimes considered incorrect. On the other hand, را(râ) is obligatory if the noun phrase is the direct object of the main clause.
(when)
When the subordinate temporal clause is the initial clause, که appears after a natural break, e.g. after the subject or before the clause-final verb.
When the subordinate temporal clause is the subsequent clause, it appears at the beginning of the clause. In such a case, the initial clause must feature a continuous or progressive action which is interrupted by the specific action presented in the subordinate clause.