گذشتن

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Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian (wtštn' /⁠widaštan⁠/), (wtltn' /⁠widardan⁠/, pass, cross, die),[1] from Proto-Iranian *witárHati (to pass by), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wí + Proto-Indo-Iranian *tárHati (to cross over), the prefix ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wi (apart).[2] Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihurîn (to pass), Central Kurdish بووردن (biwurdin, to pass) and Zazaki viyartene (to pass).

Pronunciation

Readings
Classical reading? guḏaštan
Dari reading? guzaštan
Iranian reading? gozaštan
Tajik reading? guzaštan

Verb

Dari گذشتن
Iranian Persian
Tajik гузаштан

گُذَشتَن (gozaštan) (present stem گُذَر (gozar)) (intransitive)

  1. to pass, to pass away (especially of time)
    این نیز بگذردin niz bogzoradthis too shall pass
    • c. 1100, Omar Khayyam, translated by Ahmad Saidi, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam:
      از دی که گذشت هیچ از آن یاد مکن
      فردا که نیامده است فریاد مکن.
      az dī ki guzašt hēč az ān yād ma-kun
      fardā ki nay-āmada ast faryād ma-kun
      The yesterday that's gone, you must forget what it was
      For the tomorrow not come, don't flitter and fuss.
      (Classical Persian transliteration)
    • c. 1789, Wajīh al-Dīn Ashraf, بحرِ زخّار [Bahr-i Zaxxār]:
      چنانچه بعد از نماز چهار روز گذشت و باران نبارید []
      čunānči ba'd az namāz čahār rōz guzašt u bārān na-bārīd
      when four days passed after the prayer and it did not rain
      (Classical Persian transliteration)
  2. to pass away; to die
    Synonym: درگذشتن (dargozaštan)
  3. to cross over
    از این رودخانه گذشتم.
    az in rudxâne gozaštam.
    I crossed over this river.
  4. to overlook; to pardon (a wrong, a sin)
  5. to surpass, to excel

Usage notes

  • گذشتن (gozaštan) is intransitive, and in senses that are equivalent to English transitive verbs, از (az) is used for what in English would be the direct object.

Conjugation

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “widardan”/“widaštan”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 90
  2. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “pages-380-2”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “گذشتن”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim