گواه

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Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian gwk’dy (gugāy). From Proto-Indo-European *wi (“apart”) + *kʷeḱ- (“to see”); literally meaning “to see apart, differentiate”. Compare Old Armenian վկայ (vkay), an Iranian borrowing.

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key):

(Dari, formal) IPA^(key):
- (Kabuli) IPA^(key):
- (Hazaragi) IPA^(key):

(Iran, formal) IPA^(key):

(Tajik, formal) IPA^(key):

Readings
Classical reading^?	guwāh
Dari reading^?	guwāh
Iranian reading^?	govâh
Tajik reading^?	guvoh

Noun

گواه • (govâh) (plural گواهان (govâhân) or گواه‌ها (govâh-hâ))

witness
Synonym: شاهد (šâhed)
- 1705, Guru Gobind Singh, “verse 13”, in ظفرنامه [Zafarnama]:
  مرا اعتباری برین قسم نیست
  که ایزد گواه است و یزدان یکیست
  ma-râ e'tebâri bar in qasam nist
  ke izad govâh ast o yazdan yaki-st
  For me, there is no credit in this oath , that God is witness and the Lord is One.
evidence
Synonyms: شاهد (šâhed), مدرک (madrak)
- c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 2710:
  قوم گفتند ای گروه مدعی
  کو گواه علم طب و نافعی
  qowm goftand ey goruh-e modda'i
  ku govâh-e 'elm-e tebb o nâfe'i
  The people said, "O ye company of impostors, where is the evidence of knowledge of medicine and usefulness?"

Related terms

گواه آوردن (govâh âvardan)
گواه گرفتن (govâh gereftan)
گواهی (govâhi, gavâhi)
گواهی‌نامه (govâhi-nâme)

Descendants

→ Hindustani: gavāh
Hindi: गवाह

Urdu: گواه
→ Kazakh: куә (kuä)
→ Punjabi:
Gurmukhi script: ਗਵਾਹ (gavāh)

Shahmukhi script: گواه (gavāh)

References

Steingass, Francis Joseph (1892) “گواه”, in A Comprehensive Persian–English dictionary, London: Routledge & K. Paul
MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “gwk’dy”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 38
Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 523

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