आत्मन्

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

• त्मन् (tmán)

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *HáHtmā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *HáHtmā, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁éh₁t-mō ~ *h₁h₁t-m̥nés (“breath, spirit”), from *h₁eh₁t- (“to breathe”) +‎ *-mō. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *ēþmô (“breath”), Proto-Tocharian *āñcäme (“wish, self, soul”). Compare Proto-Nuristani *āmmána (“self”) (whence Kamkata-viri amú).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɑːt.mɐ́n/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈɑːt̪.mɐn̪/

Noun

आत्मन् • (ātmán) stem, m

1. breath (RV.)
2. soul, life (RV., AV., etc.)
3. self
4. nature, character
5. a person as a whole, as opposed to their parts (VS., ŚBr.)
6. body
7. mind, understanding
8. the world-soul
9. effort (L.)
10. firmness (L.)
11. sun (L.)
12. fire (L.)
13. son (L.)

Declension

Derived terms

• आत्मभाव (ātmabhāva)
• महात्मन् (mahātman)

Pronoun

आत्मन् • (ātmán)

1. (reflexive) a person in the predicate who is also the subject of the sentence

Declension

Borrowed terms

• → English: atman
• → Japanese: アートマン (ātoman)
• → Hindi: आत्म- (ātma-)
• → Korean: 아트만 (ateuman)
• → Russian: а́тман (átman)
• → Spanish: atman
• → Telugu: ఆత్మ (ātma)
• → Tocharian B: ātmaṃttse

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Domaaki: (āpne)
  • Indus Kohistani: (amā̃)
  • Kashmiri:

    Arabic script: پان (pān)

    Devanagari script: पान (pān)

  • Kohistani Shina: (toma)
  • Shina: (tomu)
  • Torwali: (pāe, “he”)
• Helu Prakrit:
  • Dhivehi: ތިމަން (timan̊)
  • Sinhalese: අත (ata), තමා (tamā)
• Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 (appā)
  • Early Assamese: আপন (apono, “own”), আপুনি (apuni, “self”)
    • Assamese: আপোন (apün, “own”), আপুনি (apuni, “you, self”)
  • Bengali: আপন (apon), আপনি (apni, “you”)
  • Maithili: अपनि (apani)
  • Odia: ଆପେ (ape)
  • Rohingya: 𐴀𐴡𐴣𐴕𐴠 (oñne)
  • Sylheti: ꠀꠙ꠆ꠘꠦ (afne)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 (appā)
  • Konkani: आपण (āpaṇa)
  • Marathi: आप (āp), आपण (āpaṇ, “you”)
• Pali: attan, tuma
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀅𑀢𑁆𑀢𑀸 (attā), 𑀅𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀸 (appā)
  • Garhwali: अप्णु (apṇu)
  • Gujarati: આપું (āpũ)
  • Hindustani:

    Hindi: आप (āp, “you”)

    Urdu: آپ (āp, “you”)

  • Kumaoni: आप (āp)
  • Nepali: आंत (ānta), आफु (āphu)
  • Punjabi: ਆਪ (āpa)
  • Romani: pes (“himself; herself”)
  • Sindhi: पाण (pāṇa)

References

• Monier Williams (1899) “आत्मन्”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0135.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 164-165
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “ātmán”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press