इव

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Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit इव (iva).

Pronunciation

  • (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /ɪʋ/

Particle

इव (iva) (Urdu spelling او)

  1. (literary) thus
  2. as
  3. almost
  4. like

References

Pali

Alternative forms

Particle

इव

  1. Devanagari script form of iva (like, as)

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *éy. Compare Hittite 𒄿𒉿𒅈 (i-wa-ar /⁠iwar⁠/).

Pronunciation

Adverb

इव (iva)

  1. like, in the same manner as (in this sense = यथा (yathā), and used correlatively to तथा (tathā))
    • (Can we date this quote?), The Buddha, Dhammapada(pāḷi) (subsequently translated from Pali to Sanskrit), Appamādavaɡɡa, page 32; republished in The Eighteenth Book in the Suttanta-Pitaka: Khuddaka-Nikāya, Colombo, 2009:
      8. ප්‍රමාදමප්‍රමාදෙන යදා නුදති පණ‍්ඩිතඃ
      ප්‍රඥාප්‍රසාදමාරුහ්‍ය ත්‍වශොකඃ ශොකිනීං ප්‍රජාම්
      පර්‍වතස‍්ථ ඉව භූමිෂ‍්ඨාන් ධීරො බාලානවෙක්‍ෂතෙ
      8 Pramādamapramādena yadā nudati paṇḍitaḥ
      Prajñāprasādamāruhya tvaśokaḥ śokinīṃ prajām
      Parvatastha iva bhūmiṣṭhān dhīro bālānavekṣate
      8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
      having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
      as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools below.
      (literally, “8. When the astute dispel negligence by means of diligence,
      having ascended the palace of wisdom, the sorrow-free then behold this generation of sorrow,
      as a wise man on a mountain-top beholds the fools on the ground.
      ”)
      (Wiktionary translation adapted from translation of the Pali by Ajahn Sujato.)
  2. as it were, as if
    पथेवpathevaas if on a path
  3. in a certain manner, in some measure, a little, perhaps (in qualification or mitigation of a strong assertion)
  4. nearly, almost, about
    मुहूर्तम् इवmuhūrtam ivaalmost an hour
  5. so, just so, just, exactly, indeed, very (especially after words which involve some restriction:)
    ईषद् इवīṣad ivajust a little
    किंचिद् इवkiṃcid ivajust a little bit
    न चिराद् इवna cirād ivavery soon
  6. (as a particle) connected vaguely, and somewhat pleonastically, with an interrogative pronoun or adverb
    किम् इवkim ivawhat?
    कथम् इवkatham ivahow could that possibly be?
    क्वेवkvevawhere, I should like to know?

Usage notes

In the pada texts of the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda, and by native grammarians, इव (iva) is considered to be enclitic, and therefore compounded with the word after which it stands.

Descendants

  • Hindi: इव (iva) (learned)
  • Pali: iva

References