एक

Hindi

**Hindi numbers ^(edit)**
		10
	^{[a], [b]} ← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहला (pahlā), पहिला (pahilā), प्रथम (pratham) Fractional: पूरा (pūrā)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Hindi एक (eka), from Sauraseni Apabhramsa एक्क (ekka), from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka), from Sanskrit एक (éka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)óykos (“one, single”).

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /eːk/
Audio (file)

Numeral

एक • (ek) (Urdu spelling ایک) (cardinal)

one; 1

Adjective

एक • (ek) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling ایک)

sole, only

Derived terms

इकाई (ikāī)
एक न एक (ek na ek)
एक-दूसरे (ek-dūsre)
एकजुट (ekjuṭ)
एकदम (ekdam)

Related terms

इकट्ठा (ikaṭṭhā)

Konkani

**Konkani cardinal numbers**
	एक	दोन >
Cardinal : एक (ek) Ordinal : पयलें (paylẽ)

Etymology

From Maharastri Prakrit, from Sanskrit एक (éka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas.

Numeral

एक • (ek) (Latin script ek, Kannada script ಎಕ್)

one

Maithili

Etymology

From Sanskrit एक (éka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Numeral

एक • (ek)

one

Marathi

**Marathi numbers ^(edit)**
		10
	← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 →
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहिले (pahile) Adverbial: एकदा (ekdā) Collective: एकटा (ekṭā)

Etymology

Inherited from Maharastri Prakrit, from Sanskrit एक (éka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)óykos (“one, single”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ek/
Audio (file)

Numeral

एक • (ek)

one

Derived terms

एकटा (ekṭā, “alone”)
एकपेशीय (ekapeśīya, “unicellular”)
एकी (ekī, “unity”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine, “एक”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Nepali

**Nepali numbers ^(edit)**
		10^{[a], [b]}
	^{[a], [b]} ← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: एक (ek) Ordinal: पहिलो (pahilo), प्रथम (pratham) Adverbial: एकचोटी (ekacoṭī), एकपटक (ekapaṭak)

Etymology

Inherited from Khasa Prakrit (compare Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka)), from Sanskrit एक (éka), from Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):
Phonetic Devanagari: एक्

Numeral

एक • (ek)

one

Old Hindi

Alternative forms

इक (ika), हेक (heka)

Etymology

From Sauraseni Apabhramsa एक्क, from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka), 𑀇𑀓 (ika), from Sanskrit एक (eka).

Numeral

एक (eka)

one
- c. 1500, Kabīr 77.1:
  एक जोति तैं सब उतपंना, कौंण वारंण कौंण सूदा
  eka joti taiṃ saba utapaṃnā, kauṃṇa vāraṃṇa kauṃṇa sūdā
  All have arisen from one light, who is a brāhmin and who is a śūdra?

Descendants

Hindi: एक (ek)

Pali

Alternative forms

eka (Latin script)
𑀏𑀓 (Brahmi script)
এক (Bengali script)
එක (Sinhalese script)
ဧက or ဨက or ဢေၵ (Burmese script)
เอก or เอกะ (Thai script)
ᩑᨠ (Tai Tham script)
ເອກ or ເອກະ (Lao script)
ឯក (Khmer script)
𑄃𑄬𑄇 (Chakma script)

Numeral

एक (eka)

Devanagari script form of eka (“one”)
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar]‎, page 252; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
  सब्बेसं तिण्णं पठममज्झिमुत्तमपुरिसानं एकाभिधाने परो पुरिसो गहेतब्बो। सो च पठति, ते च पठन्ति, त्वञ्च पठसि तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पठामि = मयं पठाम; सो पचति, ते च पचन्ति, त्वञ्च पचन्ति, तुम्हे च पठथ, अहञ्च पचआमि = मयं पचाम एवं सेसासु विभत्तीसु परो पुरिसो योजेतब्बो॥
  Sabbesaṃ tiṇṇaṃ paṭhamamajjhimuttamapurisānaṃ ekābhidhāne paro puriso gahetabbo. So ca paṭhati, te ca paṭhanti, tvañca paṭhasi, tumhe ca paṭhatha, ahañca paṭhāmi = mayaṃ paṭhāma; so pacati, te ca pacanti, tvañca pacasi, tumhe ca pacatha, ahañca pacāmi = mayaṃ pacāma. Evaṃ sesāsu vibhattīsu paro puriso yojetabbo.
  With all three, third, second, and first persons, in one expression, the last person is to be taken. He reads, they read, thou readest, you read, and I read = we read; he cooks, they cook, thou cookest, you cook , and I cook = we cook. The last person is to be applied thus for other endings.

Declension

Declension table of "एक" (masculine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एको (eko)	एके (eke)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एके (eke)
Instrumental (third)	एकेन (ekena)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकस्मा (ekasmā) or एकम्हा (ekamhā)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकस्मिं (ekasmiṃ) or एकम्हि (ekamhi)	एकेसु (ekesu)
Vocative (calling)	एक (eka)	एके (eke)

Declension table of "एका" (feminine)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एका (ekā)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)
Instrumental (third)	एकाय (ekāya)	एकाहि (ekāhi) or एकाभि (ekābhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकिस्सा (ekissā) or एकिस्साय (ekissāya)	एकासं (ekāsaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकाय (ekāya)	एकाहि (ekāhi) or एकाभि (ekābhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकिस्सा (ekissā) or एकिस्साय (ekissāya)	एकासं (ekāsaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकाय (ekāya) or एकायं (ekāyaṃ) or एकिस्सं (ekissaṃ)	एकासु (ekāsu)
Vocative (calling)	एके (eke)	एकायो (ekāyo) or एका (ekā)

Declension table of "एक" (neuter)

Case \ Number	Singular	Plural
Nominative (first)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकानि (ekāni)
Accusative (second)	एकं (ekaṃ)	एकानि (ekāni)
Instrumental (third)	एकेन (ekena)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Dative (fourth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)	एकस्मा (ekasmā) or एकम्हा (ekamhā)	एकेहि (ekehi) or एकेभि (ekebhi)
Genitive (sixth)	एकस्स (ekassa)	एकेसं (ekesaṃ) or एकेसानं (ekesānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)	एकस्मिं (ekasmiṃ) or एकम्हि (ekamhi)	एकेसु (ekesu)
Vocative (calling)	एक (eka)	एकानि (ekāni)

Sanskrit

**Sanskrit numbers ^(edit)**
		10^{[a], [b]}
	← 0	१ 1	2 →	10 → ^{[a], [b]}
Cardinal: एक (eka) Ordinal: प्रथम (prathama) Multiplier: एकधा (ekadhā) Distributive: एकशस् (ekaśas)

Alternative scripts

এক (Assamese script)
ᬏᬓ (Balinese script)
এক (Bengali script)
𑰊𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀏𑀓 (Brahmi script)
ဧက (Burmese script)
એક (Gujarati script)
ਏਕ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌏𑌕 (Grantha script)
ꦌꦏ (Javanese script)
𑂉𑂍 (Kaithi script)
ಏಕ (Kannada script)
ឯក (Khmer script)
ເອກ (Lao script)
ഏക (Malayalam script)
ᡝᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘊𑘎 (Modi script)
ᠧᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
𑦪𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
𑐊𑐎 (Newa script)
ଏକ (Odia script)
ꢍꢒ (Saurashtra script)
𑆍𑆑 (Sharada script)
𑖊𑖎 (Siddham script)
එක (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩔𑩜 (Soyombo script)
𑚆𑚊 (Takri script)
ஏக (Tamil script)
ఏక (Telugu script)
เอก (Thai script)
ཨེ་ཀ (Tibetan script)
𑒋𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
𑨀𑨄𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *Háykas, from Proto-Indo-European *(H)óykos (“one, single”).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɐ́j.kɐ/
(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈeː.kɐ/

Numeral

एक • (éka)

one

Adjective

एक • (éka) stem (Vedic áika)

(with and without एव (eva)) alone, solitary, single, happening only once, that one only
the same, one and the same, identical
one of two or many
single of its kind, unique, singular, chief, pre-eminent, excellent
sincere, truthful
little, small
(sometimes used as an indefinite article) a, an
(in the plural) some, certain ones

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of एक (éka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकः ékaḥ	- -	एके éke
Vocative	- -	- -	- -
Accusative	एकम् ékam	- -	एकान् ékān
Instrumental	एकेन ékena	- -	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ékaiḥ / ékebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकस्मै ékasmai	- -	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकस्मात् / एकात् ékasmāt / ékāt	- -	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ékasya	- -	एकेषाम् ékeṣām
Locative	एकस्मिन् / एके ékasmin / éke	- -	एकेषु ékeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of एका (ékā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एका ékā	- -	एकाः ékāḥ
Vocative	- -	- -	- -
Accusative	एकाम् ékām	- -	एकाः ékāḥ
Instrumental	एकया / एका¹ ékayā / ékā¹	- -	एकाभिः ékābhiḥ
Dative	एकस्यै ékasyai	- -	एकाभ्यः ékābhyaḥ
Ablative	एकस्याः ékasyāḥ	- -	एकाभ्यः ékābhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्याः ékasyāḥ	- -	एकासाम् ékāsām
Locative	एकस्याम् ékasyām	- -	एकासु ékāsu
Notes	¹Vedic

Neuter a-stem declension of एक (éka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकम् ékam	- -	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Vocative	- -	- -	- -
Accusative	एकम् ékam	- -	एकानि / एका¹ ékāni / ékā¹
Instrumental	एकेन ékena	- -	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ékaiḥ / ékebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकस्मै ékasmai	- -	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकस्मात् / एकात् ékasmāt / ékāt	- -	एकेभ्यः ékebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ékasya	- -	एकेषाम् ékeṣām
Locative	एकस्मिन् / एके ékasmin / éke	- -	एकेषु ékeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

एक • (éka) stem, m (Vedic áika)

name of a teacher
name of a son of रय (Raya)

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of एक (eka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकः ekaḥ	एकौ / एका¹ ekau / ekā¹	एकाः / एकासः¹ ekāḥ / ekāsaḥ¹
Vocative	एक eka	एकौ / एका¹ ekau / ekā¹	एकाः / एकासः¹ ekāḥ / ekāsaḥ¹
Accusative	एकम् ekam	एकौ / एका¹ ekau / ekā¹	एकान् ekān
Instrumental	एकेन ekena	एकाभ्याम् ekābhyām	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ekaiḥ / ekebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकाय ekāya	एकाभ्याम् ekābhyām	एकेभ्यः ekebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकात् ekāt	एकाभ्याम् ekābhyām	एकेभ्यः ekebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ekasya	एकयोः ekayoḥ	एकानाम् ekānām
Locative	एके eke	एकयोः ekayoḥ	एकेषु ekeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Noun

एक • (éka) stem, n (Vedic áika)

unity, a unit (at the end of a compound)

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of एक (eka)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	एकम् ekam	एके eke	एकानि / एका¹ ekāni / ekā¹
Vocative	एक eka	एके eke	एकानि / एका¹ ekāni / ekā¹
Accusative	एकम् ekam	एके eke	एकानि / एका¹ ekāni / ekā¹
Instrumental	एकेन ekena	एकाभ्याम् ekābhyām	एकैः / एकेभिः¹ ekaiḥ / ekebhiḥ¹
Dative	एकाय ekāya	एकाभ्याम् ekābhyām	एकेभ्यः ekebhyaḥ
Ablative	एकात् ekāt	एकाभ्याम् ekābhyām	एकेभ्यः ekebhyaḥ
Genitive	एकस्य ekasya	एकयोः ekayoḥ	एकानाम् ekānām
Locative	एके eke	एकयोः ekayoḥ	एकेषु ekeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Derived terms

ऐक्य (aikya)

Descendants

Dardic:
- Kalami: (ak), (akh)
- Gawar-Bati: یَک (yak)
- Indus Kohistani: (ak)
- Kalasha: ek
- Kashmiri:
  - Arabic script: اَکھ (akh)
  - Devanagari script: अख (akh)
- Khowar: اِ (i)
- Phalura: آکھ (āk), آ (ā)
- Shina: ایٗک (aík)
- Savi: (yak), (ek)
- Shumashti: (yek)
- Tirahi: (īk)
- Torwali: (ē), (ēk)
- Ushojo: اک (ak)
Eastern:
- Ardhamagadhi Prakrit:
  - Assamese: এক (ek), এটা (eta)
  - Bengali: এক (ek)
  - Bhojpuri: एगो (ēgō)
  - Maithili: एक (ēk)
  - Odia: ଏ (e)
  - Rohingya: (ek)
Southern:
- Elu:
  - Dhivehi: އެއް (ek̊)
  - Sinhalese: එක (eka)
- Maharastri Prakrit:
  - Konkani: एक (ēk)
  - Marathi: एक (ek)
Pali: eka
- → Burmese: ဧက (eka.)
- → Khmer: ឯក (ʼaek)
- → Lao: ເອກ (ʼēk)
- → Thai: เอก (èek)
Central:
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀏𑀓𑁆𑀓 (ekka)
  - Gurjar Apabhramsa:
    - Old Gujarati:
      - Middle Gujarati:
        Gujarati: એક (eka)
  - Pahari:
    - Garhwali: यक (yak)
    - Nepali: एक (ek)
    - Western Pahari:
      - Dogri:
        Devanagari script: इक (ik)
        Dogra script: 𑠂𑠊 (ika)
  - Punjabi:
    - Gurmukhi script: ਇੱਕ (ikka)
    - Shahmukhi script: اِکّ (īkk)
  - Romani: jekh, ekh, yek
    - Angloromani: yek
    - Kalo Finnish Romani: iek
    - Sinte Romani: jek
    - Welsh Romani: jekh
  - Sauraseni Apabhramsa: एक्क (ekka)
    - Old Hindi: एक (eka), इक (ika), हेक (heka)
      - Hindi: एक (ek)
    - Urdu: ایک (ek)
  (see there for further descendants)
Northern:
- Sindhi: هڪ (hik)
- Lahnda: (hekk), (hikk)
- Kumaoni: एक (ek)
→ Hurrian: 𒀀𒄿𒅗
→ Old Javanese: eka
- Javanese: ꦲꦺꦏ (éka)
- → Balinese: ᬏᬓ (éka)
→ Kannada: ಏಕ (ēka)
→ Malay: ايک (eka)
- Indonesian: eka
→ Malayalam: ഏക (ēka), ഏകം (ēkaṁ)
→ Santali: ᱮᱠᱚ (ekô)
→ Telugu: ఏకము (ēkamu)
→ Thai: เอก (èek)
→ Prasuni: (ipin)
→ Waigali: (ew)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “एक”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0227/3.
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 262-3

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