गन्धर्व

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *gandʰarwás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *g(ʰ)andʰarwás ~ *g(ʰ)andʰarbʰás, ultimately likely from a BMAC substrate. Cognate with Younger Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬡𐬀 (gaṇdər^əβa), 𐬔𐬀𐬧𐬛𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬡𐬀 (gaṇdar^əβa). Compare also Ancient Greek Κένταυρος (Kéntauros), to which it is often likened.

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /ɡɐn.dʱɐɾ.ʋɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /ɡɐn̪ˈd̪ʱɐɾ.ʋɐ/

गन्धर्व • (gandharvá) stem, m

1. (Hinduism, Buddhism) a gandharva (one of a class of male heavenly beings, famed singers and guardians of soma)
   • c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 9.86.36:

     सप्त स्वसारो अभि मातरः शिशुं नवं जज्ञानं जेन्यं विपश्चितम् ।
     अपां गन्धर्वं दिव्यं नृचक्षसं सोमं विश्वस्य भुवनस्य राजसे ॥

     sapta svasāro abhi mātaraḥ śiśuṃ navaṃ jajñānaṃ jenyaṃ vipaścitam.
     apāṃ gandharvaṃ divyaṃ nṛcakṣasaṃ somaṃ viśvasya bhuvanasya rājase.

     The Sisters Seven, the Mothers, stand around the Babe, the noble, new-born Infant, skilled in holy song,
     Gandharva of the floods, divine, beholding men, Soma, that he may reign as King of all the world.

2. (figurative) a skilled singer, bard
   • c. 700 CE – 900 CE, Bhāgavata Purāṇa 1.11.20:

     नटनर्तकगन्धर्वाः सूत मागध वन्दिनः ।
     गायन्ति चोत्तमश्लोक चरितानि अद्‍भुतानि च ॥

     naṭanartakagandharvāḥ sūta māgadha vandinaḥ.
     gāyanti cottamaśloka caritāni ad‍bhutāni ca.

3. a sage, religious man
4. horse

   Synonym: अश्व (áśva)

   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 3
5. a male given name

• Pali: gandhabba
• Prakrit: 𑀕𑀁𑀥𑀯𑁆𑀯 (gaṃdhavva)
• → Old Javanese: gandharwa
  • Javanese: ꦒꦤ꧀ꦢꦂꦮ (gandarwa)
    • → Indonesian: gêndêruwo
  • → Balinese: ᬕᬦ᭄ᬥᬃᬯ᭄ᬯ (gandarwa)

• Monier Williams (1899) “गन्धर्व”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 346.
• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “gandharva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press