चिर

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Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ćirás, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čirás, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₁-l-ós, from *kʷyeh₁- (rest, peace).

However, Mayrhofer is skeptical of this derivation, as the expected Sanskrit form should be *चीर (cīra) with a long vowel, in addition to the supposed Iranian cognates (such as Persian شاد (šâd, glad, happy)) lacking connotations of "a large degree (of time)" (Old Armenian շատ (šat, very), an Iranian borrowing, developed similar connotations independently).

He instead prefers to derive the word from the root चि (ci, to collect, pile up), interpreting the meaning as a metaphorical "piling up of time", as चि (ci)'s presence in Sanskrit is confirmed and the semantic extension is fairly straightforward.

Pronunciation

Adjective

चिर (cirá) stem

  1. long-lasting, lasting a long time, existing from ancient times
  2. after a long time

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of चिर (cira)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative चिरः
ciraḥ
चिरौ / चिरा¹
cirau / cirā¹
चिराः / चिरासः¹
cirāḥ / cirāsaḥ¹
Vocative चिर
cira
चिरौ / चिरा¹
cirau / cirā¹
चिराः / चिरासः¹
cirāḥ / cirāsaḥ¹
Accusative चिरम्
ciram
चिरौ / चिरा¹
cirau / cirā¹
चिरान्
cirān
Instrumental चिरेण
cireṇa
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरैः / चिरेभिः¹
ciraiḥ / cirebhiḥ¹
Dative चिराय
cirāya
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरेभ्यः
cirebhyaḥ
Ablative चिरात्
cirāt
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरेभ्यः
cirebhyaḥ
Genitive चिरस्य
cirasya
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिराणाम्
cirāṇām
Locative चिरे
cire
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिरेषु
cireṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of चिरा (cirā)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative चिरा
cirā
चिरे
cire
चिराः
cirāḥ
Vocative चिरे
cire
चिरे
cire
चिराः
cirāḥ
Accusative चिराम्
cirām
चिरे
cire
चिराः
cirāḥ
Instrumental चिरया / चिरा¹
cirayā / cirā¹
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिराभिः
cirābhiḥ
Dative चिरायै
cirāyai
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिराभ्यः
cirābhyaḥ
Ablative चिरायाः / चिरायै²
cirāyāḥ / cirāyai²
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिराभ्यः
cirābhyaḥ
Genitive चिरायाः / चिरायै²
cirāyāḥ / cirāyai²
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिराणाम्
cirāṇām
Locative चिरायाम्
cirāyām
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिरासु
cirāsu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of चिर (cira)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative चिरम्
ciram
चिरे
cire
चिराणि / चिरा¹
cirāṇi / cirā¹
Vocative चिर
cira
चिरे
cire
चिराणि / चिरा¹
cirāṇi / cirā¹
Accusative चिरम्
ciram
चिरे
cire
चिराणि / चिरा¹
cirāṇi / cirā¹
Instrumental चिरेण
cireṇa
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरैः / चिरेभिः¹
ciraiḥ / cirebhiḥ¹
Dative चिराय
cirāya
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरेभ्यः
cirebhyaḥ
Ablative चिरात्
cirāt
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरेभ्यः
cirebhyaḥ
Genitive चिरस्य
cirasya
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिराणाम्
cirāṇām
Locative चिरे
cire
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिरेषु
cireṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Related terms

Noun

चिर (cira) stemn

  1. delay

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of चिर (cira)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative चिरम्
ciram
चिरे
cire
चिराणि / चिरा¹
cirāṇi / cirā¹
Vocative चिर
cira
चिरे
cire
चिराणि / चिरा¹
cirāṇi / cirā¹
Accusative चिरम्
ciram
चिरे
cire
चिराणि / चिरा¹
cirāṇi / cirā¹
Instrumental चिरेण
cireṇa
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरैः / चिरेभिः¹
ciraiḥ / cirebhiḥ¹
Dative चिराय
cirāya
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरेभ्यः
cirebhyaḥ
Ablative चिरात्
cirāt
चिराभ्याम्
cirābhyām
चिरेभ्यः
cirebhyaḥ
Genitive चिरस्य
cirasya
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिराणाम्
cirāṇām
Locative चिरे
cire
चिरयोः
cirayoḥ
चिरेषु
cireṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

  • Kashmiri: ċēr
    Arabic script: ژیر
    Devanagari script: च़ेर
  • Pali: cira
  • Prakrit: 𑀘𑀺𑀭 (cira)

References

  • Monier Williams (1899) “चिर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, pages 398/2-3.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 544
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 390