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तुम. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
तुम, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
तुम in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
तुम you have here. The definition of the word
तुम will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
तुम, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Garhwali
Etymology
From Ashokan Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀨𑁂 (tuphe), from Sanskrit युष्मान् (yuṣmān). Cognates include Hindi तुम (tum) and Gujarati તમે (tame).
Pronunciation
Pronoun
तुम (tum)
- ye, you (plural)
References
- Anoop Chandra Chandola (1966) A Synthatic Sketch of Garhwali, University of Chicago press (PhD thesis), page 43
Hindi
Etymology
Inherited from Sauraseni Apabhramsa तुम्हि, from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀢𑀼𑀫𑁆𑀳𑁂 (tumhe), from Sanskrit युष्मान् (yuṣmān, “you”, acc. pl.) adopting the initial sounds of त्वम् (tvám, “you”, nom. sg.).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /t̪ʊm/,
Pronoun
तुम • (tum) (Urdu spelling تم)
- you, ye (mid-level formality and grammatically plural)
Usage notes
- तुम (tum) is the mid level formal way of expressing "you" in Hindi and is used when addressing those of equal social status or those one has a close enough relationship with to justify the reduced formality. Because the less formal forms could offend others, आप (āp) is the safest way to express "you" unless there is reason to be less formal.
- Because तुम (tum) is grammatically plural (adjectives and verbs etc affected by it take their plural forms) even when there is only one person being referred to, the term तुम लोग (tum log) (literally: you people) or तुम सब (tum sab) (literally: you all) can be used to specify that more than one person is being referred to.
Declension
Pronoun declension of तुम
See also
- आप (āp) (highest formality, grammatically plural)
- तू (tū) (least formality, grammatically singular)
References
- ^ Oberlies, Thomas (2005) A Historical Grammar of Hindi, Grazer Vergleichende Arbeiten, →ISBN, page 20
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “yuṣmad”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press