श्याम
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See also: श्यामा
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit श्याम (śyāma, “black, dark-coloured”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
श्याम • (śyām) (indeclinable)
See also
| सफ़ेद (safed), श्वेत (śvet) | धूसर (dhūsar), छाई (chāī) | काला (kālā), श्याम (śyām) |
| लाल (lāl), सुर्ख़ (surx); गहरा लाल (gahrā lāl), क़िरमिज़ी (qirmizī) | नारंगी (nāraṅgī), माल्टा (mālṭā); भूरा (bhūrā) | पीला (pīlā); मलाई (malāī) |
| नींबू (nīmbū), सुगा पंछी (sugā pañchī) | हरा (harā) | |
| फ़िरोज़ी (firozī) | आसमानी (āsmānī) | नीला (nīlā), नील (nīl) |
| जामुनी (jāmunī); नील (nīl) | रानी (rānī); बैंगनी (baiṅgnī), जामुनी (jāmunī) | गुलाबी (gulābī) |
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- শ্যাম (Assamese script)
- ᬰ᭄ᬬᬵᬫ (Balinese script)
- শ্যাম (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰿𑰧𑰯𑰦 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑁆𑀬𑀸𑀫 (Brahmi script)
- ၐျာမ (Burmese script)
- શ્યામ (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼੍ਯਾਮ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑍍𑌯𑌾𑌮 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦾꦴꦩ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂹𑂨𑂰𑂧 (Kaithi script)
- ಶ್ಯಾಮ (Kannada script)
- ឝ្យាម (Khmer script)
- ຨ຺ຍາມ (Lao script)
- ശ്യാമ (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᠶᠠ᠊ᠠᠮᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘿𑘧𑘰𑘦 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠶ᠋ᠠᢗᠮᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧠𑧇𑧑𑧆 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐩 (Newa script)
- ଶ୍ଯାମ (Odia script)
- ꢯ꣄ꢫꢵꢪ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑇀𑆪𑆳𑆩 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖿𑖧𑖯𑖦 (Siddham script)
- ශ්යාම (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿 𑪙𑩻𑩛𑩴 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚶𑚣𑚭𑚢 (Takri script)
- ஶ்யாம (Tamil script)
- శ్యామ (Telugu script)
- ศฺยาม (Thai script)
- ཤྱཱ་མ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑓂𑒨𑒰𑒧 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑩇𑨪𑨊𑨢 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *ćyaHmás, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱyeh₁-mó-s (“black, dark”), from *(s)ḱeh₃- (“darkness, shadow”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬯𐬁𐬨𐬀 (sāma, “black”), Lithuanian šė̃mas (“blue-grey”). Compare also श्याव (śyāvá, “dark-brown, brown, dark-coloured, dark”).
Pronunciation
Adjective
श्याम • (śyāmá) stem
- black, dark-coloured, dark blue or brown or grey or green, sable, having a dark or swarthy complexion (considered a mark of beauty)
- c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda 8.1.9:
- श्यामश्च त्वा मा शबलश्च प्रेषितौ यमस्य यौ पथिरक्षी श्वानौ ।
- śyāmaśca tvā mā śabalaśca preṣitau yamasya yau pathirakṣī śvānau .
- Let neither the black dog or the brown dog seize thee; those two warders of the way sent forth by Yama.
- श्यामश्च त्वा मा शबलश्च प्रेषितौ यमस्य यौ पथिरक्षी श्वानौ ।
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of श्याम (śyāmá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | श्यामः śyāmáḥ |
श्यामौ / श्यामा¹ śyāmaú / śyāmā́¹ |
श्यामाः / श्यामासः¹ śyāmā́ḥ / śyāmā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | श्याम śyā́ma |
श्यामौ / श्यामा¹ śyā́mau / śyā́mā¹ |
श्यामाः / श्यामासः¹ śyā́māḥ / śyā́māsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | श्यामम् śyāmám |
श्यामौ / श्यामा¹ śyāmaú / śyāmā́¹ |
श्यामान् śyāmā́n |
| Instrumental | श्यामेन śyāména |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामैः / श्यामेभिः¹ śyāmaíḥ / śyāmébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | श्यामाय śyāmā́ya |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामेभ्यः śyāmébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | श्यामात् śyāmā́t |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामेभ्यः śyāmébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | श्यामस्य śyāmásya |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामानाम् śyāmā́nām |
| Locative | श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामेषु śyāméṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
| Feminine ā-stem declension of श्यामा (śyāmā́) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | श्यामा śyāmā́ |
श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामाः śyāmā́ḥ |
| Vocative | श्यामे śyā́me |
श्यामे śyā́me |
श्यामाः śyā́māḥ |
| Accusative | श्यामाम् śyāmā́m |
श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामाः śyāmā́ḥ |
| Instrumental | श्यामया / श्यामा¹ śyāmáyā / śyāmā́¹ |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामाभिः śyāmā́bhiḥ |
| Dative | श्यामायै śyāmā́yai |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामाभ्यः śyāmā́bhyaḥ |
| Ablative | श्यामायाः / श्यामायै² śyāmā́yāḥ / śyāmā́yai² |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामाभ्यः śyāmā́bhyaḥ |
| Genitive | श्यामायाः / श्यामायै² śyāmā́yāḥ / śyāmā́yai² |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामानाम् śyāmā́nām |
| Locative | श्यामायाम् śyāmā́yām |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामासु śyāmā́su |
| Notes |
| ||
| Neuter a-stem declension of श्याम (śyāmá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | श्यामम् śyāmám |
श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामानि / श्यामा¹ śyāmā́ni / śyāmā́¹ |
| Vocative | श्याम śyā́ma |
श्यामे śyā́me |
श्यामानि / श्यामा¹ śyā́māni / śyā́mā¹ |
| Accusative | श्यामम् śyāmám |
श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामानि / श्यामा¹ śyāmā́ni / śyāmā́¹ |
| Instrumental | श्यामेन śyāména |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामैः / श्यामेभिः¹ śyāmaíḥ / śyāmébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | श्यामाय śyāmā́ya |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामेभ्यः śyāmébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | श्यामात् śyāmā́t |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामेभ्यः śyāmébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | श्यामस्य śyāmásya |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामानाम् śyāmā́nām |
| Locative | श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामेषु śyāméṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
See also
| श्वेत (śveta) | श्याम (śyāma) | कृष्ण (kṛṣṇa), काल (kāla) |
| रोहित (rohita) | कद्रु (kadru), पिशङ्ग (piśaṅga), पिङ्गल (piṅgala) | पिङ्ग (piṅga); पाण्डु (pāṇḍu) |
| हरित् (harit) | श्याम (śyāma) | |
| नील (nīla) | ||
| नीललोहित (nīlalohita) |
Noun
श्याम • (śyāmá) stem, m
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of श्याम (śyāmá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | श्यामः śyāmáḥ |
श्यामौ / श्यामा¹ śyāmaú / śyāmā́¹ |
श्यामाः / श्यामासः¹ śyāmā́ḥ / śyāmā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | श्याम śyā́ma |
श्यामौ / श्यामा¹ śyā́mau / śyā́mā¹ |
श्यामाः / श्यामासः¹ śyā́māḥ / śyā́māsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | श्यामम् śyāmám |
श्यामौ / श्यामा¹ śyāmaú / śyāmā́¹ |
श्यामान् śyāmā́n |
| Instrumental | श्यामेन śyāména |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामैः / श्यामेभिः¹ śyāmaíḥ / śyāmébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | श्यामाय śyāmā́ya |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामेभ्यः śyāmébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | श्यामात् śyāmā́t |
श्यामाभ्याम् śyāmā́bhyām |
श्यामेभ्यः śyāmébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | श्यामस्य śyāmásya |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामानाम् śyāmā́nām |
| Locative | श्यामे śyāmé |
श्यामयोः śyāmáyoḥ |
श्यामेषु śyāméṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
References
- Monier Williams (1899) “श्याम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1094.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 661