सम

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See also: सं-, सम्-, सम्, स्मृ, सीमा, सोम, and सीम्

Hindi

Etymology

Inherited from Sanskrit सम (sama), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás, from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”). Doublet of हम (ham), a Persian borrowing. Cognate of English same.

Pronunciation

  • (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /səm/,

Adjective

सम • (sam) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling سم)

  1. same
  2. even, equal
    समकोण ― samkoṇ ― right angle
  3. homogeneous
  4. (arithmetic) even (divisible by two)
    Antonym: विषम (viṣam)

Derived terms

Pali

Alternative forms

Alternative forms

Adjective

सम

  1. Devanagari script form of sama

Declension

Declension table of "सम" (masculine)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Nominative (first)समो (samo)समा (samā)
Accusative (second)समं (samaṃ)समे (same)
Instrumental (third)समेन (samena)समेहि (samehi) or समेभि (samebhi)
Dative (fourth)समस्स (samassa) or समाय (samāya) or समत्थं (samatthaṃ)समानं (samānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)समस्मा (samasmā) or समम्हा (samamhā) or समा (samā)समेहि (samehi) or समेभि (samebhi)
Genitive (sixth)समस्स (samassa)समानं (samānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)समस्मिं (samasmiṃ) or समम्हि (samamhi) or समे (same)समेसु (samesu)
Vocative (calling)सम (sama)समा (samā)
Declension table of "समा" (feminine)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Nominative (first)समा (samā)समायो (samāyo) or समा (samā)
Accusative (second)समं (samaṃ)समायो (samāyo) or समा (samā)
Instrumental (third)समाय (samāya)समाहि (samāhi) or समाभि (samābhi)
Dative (fourth)समाय (samāya)समानं (samānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)समाय (samāya)समाहि (samāhi) or समाभि (samābhi)
Genitive (sixth)समाय (samāya)समानं (samānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)समाय (samāya) or समायं (samāyaṃ)समासु (samāsu)
Vocative (calling)समे (same)समायो (samāyo) or समा (samā)
Declension table of "सम" (neuter)
Case \ NumberSingularPlural
Nominative (first)समं (samaṃ)समानि (samāni)
Accusative (second)समं (samaṃ)समानि (samāni)
Instrumental (third)समेन (samena)समेहि (samehi) or समेभि (samebhi)
Dative (fourth)समस्स (samassa) or समाय (samāya) or समत्थं (samatthaṃ)समानं (samānaṃ)
Ablative (fifth)समस्मा (samasmā) or समम्हा (samamhā) or समा (samā)समेहि (samehi) or समेभि (samebhi)
Genitive (sixth)समस्स (samassa)समानं (samānaṃ)
Locative (seventh)समस्मिं (samasmiṃ) or समम्हि (samamhi) or समे (same)समेसु (samesu)
Vocative (calling)सम (sama)समानि (samāni)

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *samHás (“same”), from Proto-Indo-European *somHós (“same”).

Cognate with Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬨𐬀 (hama), Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (h-m /⁠hama⁠/) (whence Persian هم (ham)), Ancient Greek ὁμός (homós, “same”), Latin similis, Old English sama (whence English same).

Pronunciation

Adjective

सम • (samá) stem

  1. same, equal, alike
  2. (with instrumental or genitive) equivalent to, like, identical to
  3. even, smooth, flat, plain, level

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of सम (samá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative समः
samáḥ 		समौ / समा¹
samaú / samā́¹ 		समाः / समासः¹
samā́ḥ / samā́saḥ¹
Vocative सम
sáma 		समौ / समा¹
sámau / sámā¹ 		समाः / समासः¹
sámāḥ / sámāsaḥ¹
Accusative समम्
samám 		समौ / समा¹
samaú / samā́¹ 		समान्
samā́n
Instrumental समेन
saména 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समैः / समेभिः¹
samaíḥ / samébhiḥ¹
Dative समाय
samā́ya 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Ablative समात्
samā́t 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Genitive समस्य
samásya 		समयोः
samáyoḥ 		समानाम्
samā́nām
Locative समे
samé 		समयोः
samáyoḥ 		समेषु
saméṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
Feminine ā-stem declension of समा (samā́)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative समा
samā́ 		समे
samé 		समाः
samā́ḥ
Vocative समे
sáme 		समे
sáme 		समाः
sámāḥ
Accusative समाम्
samā́m 		समे
samé 		समाः
samā́ḥ
Instrumental समया / समा¹
samáyā / samā́¹ 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समाभिः
samā́bhiḥ
Dative समायै
samā́yai 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समाभ्यः
samā́bhyaḥ
Ablative समायाः / समायै²
samā́yāḥ / samā́yai² 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समाभ्यः
samā́bhyaḥ
Genitive समायाः / समायै²
samā́yāḥ / samā́yai² 		समयोः
samáyoḥ 		समानाम्
samā́nām
Locative समायाम्
samā́yām 		समयोः
samáyoḥ 		समासु
samā́su
Notes
  • ¹Vedic
  • ²Brāhmaṇas
Neuter a-stem declension of सम (samá)
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative समम्
samám 		समे
samé 		समानि / समा¹
samā́ni / samā́¹
Vocative सम
sáma 		समे
sáme 		समानि / समा¹
sámāni / sámā¹
Accusative समम्
samám 		समे
samé 		समानि / समा¹
samā́ni / samā́¹
Instrumental समेन
saména 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समैः / समेभिः¹
samaíḥ / samébhiḥ¹
Dative समाय
samā́ya 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Ablative समात्
samā́t 		समाभ्याम्
samā́bhyām 		समेभ्यः
samébhyaḥ
Genitive समस्य
samásya 		समयोः
samáyoḥ 		समानाम्
samā́nām
Locative समे
samé 		समयोः
samáyoḥ 		समेषु
saméṣu
Notes
  • ¹Vedic

Descendants

  • Assamese: সোঁ (xü̃, “right”)
  • Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫 (sama)
  • Pali: sama
  • Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀲𑀫 (sama)
  • Punjabi: ਸਮ (sam)

Borrowed terms

  • → Indonesian: sama (“same, equal”)
  • → Malay: sama (“same, equal”)

References

  • Monier Williams (1899) “सम”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, , new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1152/1.
  • Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 703
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