ဂှ်

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Mon

Etymology

From Middle Mon gah or gåh, from Old Mon (goḥ, goh, goḥh).[1]

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /kɔ̤h/[2]
  • Audio:(file)
  • (Pak Kret District, Thailand) IPA(key): /ko̤h/[3]

Determiner

ဂှ် (gah)

  1. denoting something or someone perceived as being distant by the speaker; that[4][3]
    မၞိဟ်ဂှ် ― mnih gah ― that person[3]
  2. referent already known to the listener or mentioned by the speaker; it[3]

Particle

ဂှ် (gah)

  1. topic marker[3]
    ကာလဂှ် မိ ကောန်ပၠီဂှ် ပ္တိတ်ကသပ်ရ။ ― kāla gah Mi Kon Plim gah ptit kasap ra. /kalaʔ kɔ̤h mi̤ʔkonplɛm kɔ̤h pətɛt kəsɔp raʔ/ ― Then Mi Kon Plem made her plans.[2]
  2. used as intensifier[3]

Pronoun

ဂှ် (gah)

  1. particle making. and nominal. in initial prominence position, and occasionally complete sents.
    Audio:(file)
    အဲဟွံတီမၞိဟ်ဏံဂှ်။
    ʼoahwaṃtiṃmnihṇaṃgh
    I don't know this man.
    Audio:(file)
    က္ၜၚ်ကျာဂှ်အဲဟွံကေၚ်ဍိုက်။
    kṗaṅkyāghʼoahwaṃkeṅḍiuk
    I have never been in an aeroplane.
    ဍုဟ်မုဟ်ဍုၚ်ဂှ်နွံအကြာမတ်လမၠီုကဵုကျာ်ခမဳရ။
    ḍuhmuhḍuṅghnwaṃʼakrāmatlamliuṃkeukyākkhamīra
    Muhdtung {Mudon} is between Maodlaomlame {Moulmein} and Kyaikkhamoi {Amhert}.
    ဍေံတံမိက်ဂွံကၠုၚ်အဏံဟီုဂှ်ဟာ။
    ḍeṃtaṃmikgwaṃkluṅʼaṇaṃhiuṃghhā
    does he say that they want to come here?
    တဵုလဝ်ဒယိုၚ်ကၞာ ပ္တဴလဝ်အလာံဇၞောဝ်တံဂှ်လေဝ်။
    teulawdayiuṅknā ptaolawʼalāṃjnowtaṃghlew
    They set up the posts for the pavilion, and hung up the banners and streamers.
    တ္ၚဲဗုဒ္ဓဝါဂှ်စိုပ်ဓဝဲါ။
    tṅoabuddhawāghciupdhawāy
    we get to Dhaewai {Tevoy} on Wednesday.
    မၞိဟ်ကၠုၚ်သ္ၚိမၞးတံတ္ၚဲဏံဂှ် မၞးတီဒၟံၚ်ဍေံဟာ။
    mnihkluṅsṅimnaḥtaṃtṅoaṇaṃgh mnaḥtiṃdmaṃṅḍeṃhā
    do you know the man who come to your house today?
    သ္ၚိအဲဂှ်တဝ်ကဵုကၠံပ္ကဴဂှ်ရ။
    sṅiʼoaghtawkeuklaṃpkaoghra
    My house faces the gardens.

Pronoun

ဂှ် (gah)

  1. is occasionally deictic.
    အာလ္ပာ်တာဲဂှ်ညိ။
    ʼālpāktāyghñi
    Go towards that hut.
    ဒၞာဲဂှ်ဗြဲပက်မံၚ်။
    dnāyghbroapakmaṃṅ
    it is raining in over there.
    ဂှ်လေဝ် … ဂှ်လေဝ်!
    ghlew … ghlew!
    either … or, neither … nor.
    မၞးဂှ်ကမၠောန်ဂှ်လေဝ်သ္ဒးကၠောန် ကၠောဝ်ဂှ်လေဝ်သ္ဒးကၠောဝ်ဏောၚ်။
    mnaḥghkamlonghlewsdaḥklon klowghlewsdaḥklowṇoṅ
    You will have either to work or starve.
    ဗှ်ဂှ်လေဝ်ဗှ်ဟွံလေပ် ချူဂှ်လေဝ်ချူဟွံလေပ်။
    bhghlewbhhwaṃlep khyūghlewkhyūhwaṃlep
    He can neither read nor write.

Derived terms

References

  1. ^ Jenny, Mathias (2005) The verb system of Mon, University of Zurich, →DOI, →ISBN, page 25
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jenny, Mathias (2015) “Modern Mon”, in Mathias Jenny and Paul Sidwell (eds.), editors, The Handbook of Austroasian Languages‎, volume 1, Leiden and Boston: Brill, →DOI, →ISBN, page 565 of 553–600
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Sakamoto, Yasuyuki (1994) Mon - Japanese Dictionary‎ (in Japanese), Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, page 90
  4. ^ อนุสรณ์ สถานนท์, ร้อยตรี (1984) พจนานุกรม มอญ-ไทย (in Thai), กรุงเทพฯ: คณะกรรมการทุนพระนาอนุมานราชธน, page 40
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