შტო

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Georgian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Georgian შტო (šṭo). Possibly borrowed from Old Armenian ոստ-ո- (ost-o-),[1][2][3][4] specifically perhaps from an unattested northern dialectal form *ոշտ (*ošt): compare Old Armenian անոշտ (anošt) beside անոստ (anost).[5]

Noun

შტო • (šṭo) (plural შტოები)

  1. branch, bough

Inflection

Declension of შტო (see Georgian declension)
singular plural archaic plural
nominative შტო (šṭo) შტოები (šṭoebi) შტონი (šṭoni)
ergative შტომ (šṭom) შტოებმა (šṭoebma) შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a))
dative შტოს(ა) (šṭos(a)) შტოებს(ა) (šṭoebs(a)) შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a))
genitive შტოს(ა) (šṭos(a)) შტოების(ა) (šṭoebis(a)) შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a))
instrumental შტოთ(ა) (šṭot(a)) შტოებით(ა) (šṭoebit(a))
adverbial შტოდ(ა) (šṭod(a)) შტოებად(ა) (šṭoebad(a))
vocative შტოვ (šṭov) შტოებო (šṭoebo) შტონო (šṭono)
Notes: archaic plurals might not exist.
Postpositional inflection of შტო (see Georgian postpositions)
postpositions taking the dative case singular plural
-ზე (-ze, “on”) შტოზე (šṭoze) შტოებზე (šṭoebze)
-თან (-tan, “near”) შტოსთან (šṭostan) შტოებთან (šṭoebtan)
-ში (-ši, “in”) შტოში (šṭoši) შტოებში (šṭoebši)
-ვით (-vit, “like”) შტოსავით (šṭosavit) შტოებივით (šṭoebivit)
postpositions taking the genitive case singular plural
-თვის (-tvis, “for”) შტოსთვის (šṭostvis) შტოებისთვის (šṭoebistvis)
-ებრ (-ebr, “like”) შტოსებრ (šṭosebr) შტოებისებრ (šṭoebisebr)
-კენ (-ḳen, “towards”) შტოსკენ (šṭosḳen) შტოებისკენ (šṭoebisḳen)
-გან (-gan, “from/of”) შტოსგან (šṭosgan) შტოებისგან (šṭoebisgan)
-ადმი (-admi, “in relation to”) შტოსადმი (šṭosadmi) შტოებისადმი (šṭoebisadmi)
postpositions taking the instrumental case singular plural
-დან (-dan, “from/since”) შტოდან (šṭodan) შტოებიდან (šṭoebidan)
-ურთ (-urt, “together with”) შტოთურთ (šṭoturt) შტოებითურთ (šṭoebiturt)
postpositions taking the adverbial case singular plural
-მდე (-mde, “up to”) შტომდე (šṭomde) შტოებამდე (šṭoebamde)

See also

References

  1. ^ Brosset, M. (1834) “Aperçu général de la langue géorgienne”, in Journal asiatique (in French), volume 14, page 386 of 369–405
  2. ^ Čubinov, David (1840) “შტო”, in Грузинско-русско-французский словарь [Georgian–Russian–French Dictionary], Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 589a
  3. ^ Kluge, Theodor (1913) “Die Indo-Germanischen Lehnwörter im Georgischen”, in Revue de linguistique et de philologie comparée‎ (in German), volume 46, Paris, page 262
  4. ^ Vogt, Hans (1988) Linguistique caucasienne et arménienne (Studia Caucasologica; II)‎ (in French), Oslo: Norwegian University Press, page 126
  5. ^ Ačaṙean, Hračʻeay (1977) “ոստ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, volume III, Yerevan: University Press, page 569a

Further reading

  • Abulaʒe, Ilia (1973) “შტო”, in Ʒveli kartuli enis leksiḳoni (masalebi) [Dictionary of Old Georgian (Materials)]‎ (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Metsniereba, page 507
  • Thorsø, Rasmus (2023) Prehistoric loanwords in Armenian: Hurro-Urartian, Kartvelian, and the unclassified substrate‎, PhD dissertation, Leiden University, page 83
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