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Proto-Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *swestēr, from Proto-Indo-European *swésōr.
The form is often seen as problematic, since the expected nominative form would be *ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᛖᚱ (*swester), and this is the form required as the ancestor to Old Norse systir. Stiles 1984 proposes that *ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (*swestar) is an inherited vocative form, descended from Proto-Germanic *swester[1] with a regular development of unstressed short */e/ > /a/ before /r/, as seen for instance in Old Norse hvaðarr, from Proto-Germanic *hwaþeraz.[2]
Noun
ᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱ (swestar) f (vocative singular)
- sister
- c. 200–450 AD, inscription on the Opedal Runestone[3]
ᛒᛁᚱᚷᛜᚷᚢᛒᛟᚱᛟᛊᚹᛖᛊᛏᚨᚱᛗᛁᚾᚢ ¶ ᛚᛖᚢᛒᚢᛗᛖᛉ ᛬ ᚹᚨᚷᛖ- birgŋguboroswestarminu ¶ leubumeʀ : wage
- /birg, Ingubōrō, swestar mīnu leubu, mēʀ, Wāgē!/
- O Ingubōrō, my beloved sister, preserve me, Wāgaz!
Descendants
References
- ^ Stiles, Patrick V. (1984), On the Interpretation of Older Runic Swestar on the Opedal Stone (URL)
- ^ Heusler, Andreas (1921), Altisländisches Elementarbuch. 2. Auflage. Heidelberg: §113 (URL)
- ^ Inscription/entry N KJ76 in the RuneS-Database ot the research project Runic Writing in the Germanic Languages (RuneS) of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Lower Saxony, 2024.