ḥr

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Possibly cognate with Proto-Semitic *ʕal-; compare Arabic عَلَى (ʕalā, “on, over”), Hebrew עַל (ʿal, “on”), Aramaic עַל (ʿal, “on”). If so, perhaps from a form such as Proto-Afroasiatic *x̣al. However, some authors consider such a correspondence irregular.

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /hɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: her

Noun

 m

1. face (of a person or animal)
2. facial expression
3. sight, scope of vision
4. front surface (of a building, door, etc.)
5. bow (of a ship)

Inflection

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥr  

ḥr	ḥr
	before suffix pronouns

Derived terms

Descendants

• Demotic: ḥr
  • Coptic: ϩⲟ (ho), ϩⲁ (ha), ϩⲱ (hō)

Preposition

1. upon, on, on top of
2. onto, on (with motion)
3. in, on (a vehicle, boat, etc.)
4. at, in (a place)
5. to, upon (a side)
6. in (water)
7. in, for (some duration of time)
8. at (some time)
9. and, in addition to
10. per, for each
11. from, originating from (a place)
12. because of, for the sake of
13. by means of, using
14. marked with, under (someone’s name or seal)
15. (with following infinitive) forms the periphrastic imperfective of a verb
16. (contracted from ḥr ḏd) saying; introduces a direct quotation

Usage notes

Conjunction is usually expressed by directly juxtaposing two nouns, but occasionally ḥnꜥ or ḥr are used to link the nouns instead. The latter (ḥr) may represent a somewhat closer coordination than the former (ḥnꜥ).

In Late Egyptian texts, this preposition is often omitted where expected or found erroneously written where unneeded.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥr  

ḥr	ḥr	ḥr	ḥrr	ḥrḥr	jḥ
especially before suffix pronouns		in hieratic	in hieratic	before suffix pronouns

Derived terms

Descendants

• Coptic: ϩⲓ- (hi-)

Also as part of:

• ⇒ Coptic: ⲭⲟⲓⲁⲕ (khoiak)

See also

• 𓁷

Etymology 2

According to Loprieno, formed from a stem ḥaru- + the Proto-Afroasiatic nominative case marker *-u; in Egyptian, Proto-Afroasiatic case markers were generally lost, but *-u became a glide -w instead when the stem ended in a vowel. The stem is probably related either to the preposition ḥr (“above”), with the theonym thus meaning ‘the One Above’, or to the verb ḥrj (“to be distant”), with the theonym meaning ‘the Distant One’, or to both.

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /hɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: hor

Proper noun

 m

1. Horus, the falcon-headed Egyptian god of kingship
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1900 BCE, Coffin Texts, version S1P (outer coffin of Nakhti, Louvre E 11981) spell 148, lines 121–122:

     jnk ḥr ms.n ꜣst jry mkt.f m ẖnw swḥt nj ꜣd wj hh n(j) r(ꜣ).ṯn nj pḥ.n wj ḏdt.ṯn r.j

     I am Horus, born of Isis, whose protection was made within the egg: the fiery breath of your mouths will not rage against me, and what you may say against me cannot reach me.

   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 18–19:

     gm.n.tw ḥr ḫrw.f mꜣꜥ.w rdjw n.f jꜣwt nt (j)t.f
     pr.n.f mḏḥ.w m wḏ n(j) gbb šzp.n.f ḥqꜣt jdbwj wrrt mn.tj m tp.f

     Horus was found justified; the office of his father was given to him. He came forth wreathed at the command of Geb, having received the rulership of the Two Riverbanks (Egypt), the White Crown fixed upon his head.

2. epithet for the currently reigning (living) pharaoh
3. conventional term introducing the serekh name of most pharaohs
4. (only in the plural) one of a number of minor Horus-gods

Inflection

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḥr  

ḥr	ḥr	ḥr	ḥr	ḥr	ḥr	ḥrj	ḥr
				chiefly as an element in personal names			occasionally

Derived terms

Descendants

• Coptic: ϩⲱⲣ (hōr), (in compounds) ϩⲁⲣ- (har-)
• → Ancient Greek: Ὧρος (Hôros), (in compounds) Ἁρ- (Har-)
• → Meroitic: 𐦠𐦫 (ar /⁠ara⁠/)

See also

• 𓅃

References

• “ḥr (lemma ID 107510)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “ḥr (lemma ID 107520)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “Ḥr.w (lemma ID 107500)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “Ḥr.w (lemma ID 850587)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “Ḥr.w (lemma ID 400034)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• “Ḥr.ww (lemma ID 858763)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎, Corpus issue 17, Web app version 2.01 edition, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–15 December 2022
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 122–124.9, 125.6–127.14, 131.1–132.23
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 173–174
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 88, 148, 179–182, 240.