◌̈

◌̈ U+0308, ̈ COMBINING DIAERESIS ← ◌̇ Combining Diacritical Marks ◌̉ →

Character variations

¨ U+00A8, ¨ DIAERESIS ← § Latin-1 Supplement © →

◌̈

1. (mathematics, physics) The second time-differential. E.g. x (position), ẋ (velocity), ẍ (acceleration).
2. (IPA) A centralized vowel.
3. (NAPA) A front rounded vowel (e.g. ü ö ɔ̈) or a back unrounded vowel (e.g. ï ë ɛ̈).
4. (UPA) A front rounded vowel (e.g. ü ö ɔ̈ ä, α̈).
5. (UPA) interdental (e.g. plosive ẗ, d̈).
6. (Teuthonista) Greater rounding of a vowel.

   Diacritic may be doubled for more rounding: ⟨ë̈⟩.

7. (ISO 233) Used with the letter ⟨ẗ⟩ to transcribe Arabic ⟨ة⟩.
8. (actuarial notation) Used to indicate that the payments occur at the beginning of a period.

   ä_n̅| ― n-year annuity-due

The spacing character U+00A8 is retained for compatibility with pre-Unicode encodings. It is equivalent to ◌̈ docked to a space, U+0020 (i.e. ⟨ ̈ ⟩), and there is no need for it in modern typography except to refer to itself.

• ⸚

◌̈

1. (dated) Used to indicate that two identical vowels occur in separate morphemes and are pronounced separately: coöperate, reënter, reëstablish, noöne, reöpen.
2. Used to indicate that the marked vowel is the nucleus of its own syllable: Boötes, Brontë, Chloë, Zoë, (dated) aëroplane, aërial.
3. Retained in foreign (mostly French) loan words where vowels are pronounced separately: naïve (or naive), Noël (or Noel), but also for umlaut in German Götterdämmerung, Führer, and terms derived from given names, such as Möbius strip

This diacritic is called a trema, also a diaeresis (or dieresis) after its use in separating syllables, or an umlaut after its use in marking vowel change in German and similar orthographies.

In all cases apart from family names, usage is optional. For German loans, there is the additional option of replacing the umlaut with a digraph in e, e.g. Fuehrer.

⟨◌́⟩ is more commonly used to indicate that a final e is pronounced, e.g. animé, but in the case of a name like Chloe that might imply the wrong stress or vowel quality (e.g. spurious "kloh-AY" rather than "KLOH-ee").

◌̈

1. Used with the letter ⟨e⟩ to make ⟨ë⟩, which transcribes the sound

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called διαίρεσις (diaíresis, “division”) in Ancient Greek, and found on Ϊ/ϊ and Ϋ/ϋ. It is also known by the names διαλυτική (dialutikḗ, “severing”) or τρῆμα (trêma, “dots on a die”). It was used to indicate that the vowel letter ι (i) or υ (u) formed a separate syllable rather than a diphthong when written after another vowel letter.

• (Greek-script letters) Α α, Β β, Γ γ, Δ δ, Ε ε, Ζ ζ, Η η, Θ θ, Ι ι, Κ κ, Λ λ, Μ μ, Ν ν, Ξ ξ, Ο ο, Π π, Ρ ρ, Σ σ ς, Τ τ, Υ υ, Φ φ, Χ χ, Ψ ψ, Ω ω
• (non-Classical letters) Ϝ (W) ϝ (w), Ͷ ͷ, Ͱ (H) ͱ (h), Ϻ (S) ϻ (s), Ϟ ϟ, Ϙ (Q) ϙ (q), Ͳ (S) ͳ (s)
• (punctuation) · ;
• (diacritics) ᾿ ῾ ◌́ ◌̀ ῀ ¨

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called trema (“diaeresis”) in Dutch, and found on Ä/ä, Ë/ë, Ï/ï, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.
2. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called umlaut (“umlaut”) in Dutch, and found on Ä/ä, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.

The diaeresis is used to indicate that two vowels are to be pronounced separately as two syllables, rather than as a diphthong or single vowel. For example, geïnd (collected), reëel (realistic), zeeën (seas). In compound words, a hyphen - is used between the syllables instead. The same occurs when a word is hyphenated at the end of a line of print, e.g. ge-ind, re-eel, zee-en for the previous.

The umlaut is used only in words of German origin, such as föhn.

◌̈

1. tréma; when placed above a letter, indicates that the vowel letter should be pronounced separately from a vowel letter next to it.

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called Umlaut (“umlaut”) in German, and found on Ä/ä, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.
2. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called Trema in German, and found on Ë/ë and Ï/ï.

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Greek script, called διαλυτικά in Greek, and found on ί/ΐ/ϋ.

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called tréma (“trema”) in Hungarian, and found on Ö/ö and Ü/ü.

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called doî pónti or diêrexi (“two points” or “diaeresis”) in Ligurian, and found on Ö/ö.
   1. Used to denote stressed or unstressed /ɔː/

◌̈

1. (obsolete) A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called trema (“trema”) in Portuguese, and found on Ü/ü.

• Formerly used, in the letter u, formed ü, in the syllables qüe, qüi, güe and güi. In these syllables, the letter u without a trema would be silent; with the trema it would have the sound of the semivowel /w/.

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script in Romani, and found on Ä/ä, Ë/ë, Ï/ï, Ö/ö and Ü/ü.

• Marcel Courthiade (2009) “DECISION : "THE ROMANI ALPHABET"”, in Melinda Rézműves, editor, Morri angluni rromane ćhibǎqi evroputni lavustik = Első rromani nyelvű európai szótáram : cigány, magyar, angol, francia, spanyol, német, ukrán, román, horvát, szlovák, görög (overall work in Hungarian and English), Budapest: Fővárosi Onkormányzat Cigány Ház--Romano Kher, →ISBN, page 499
• “Introduction 3. How to read Rromani”, in R.E.D-RROM‎, 2021 October 2 (last accessed)
• Yūsuke Sumi (2018) ニューエクスプレスプラス　ロマ（ジプシー）語 (in Japanese), Tokyo: Hakusuisha, published 2021, →ISBN, →OCLC, pages 16-17

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called diéresis (“diaeresis”) in Spanish, and found on Ü/ü. Indicate that the 'u' is pronounced between a 'c' or 'g' and a vowel 'e' or 'i', as in Malagüez.

◌̈

1. only used in ë: centralized vowel
2. (obsolete) Used to indicate that a vowel must be pronounced separately from the previous consonant such as in gabï (gab-i), butö (but-o)

◌̈

1. A diacritical mark of the Latin script, called didolnod (“separation mark”) in Welsh, and found on Ä/ä, Ë/ë, Ï/ï, Ö/ö, Ü/ü, Ẅ/ẅ and Ÿ/ÿ.