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けれども. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
けれども, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
けれども in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
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Japanese
- (informal) けれど (keredo)
- (informal) けども (kedomo)
- (more informal) けど (kedo)
- (dialect) けんど (kendo)
Etymology
Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) + ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).[1][2]
Etymology details
- The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:
- The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)[1][2]
- The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (maji)[1]
- The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (keri)[1]
- Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (ari), modern ある (aru)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.[1]
- The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb あり (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb 来 (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English be that as it may.
- The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + も (mo, “even, also”, particle).[1][2] The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.
Pronunciation
Particle
けれども • (keredomo)
- (formal) although; though; but
- Synonym: が (ga)
- 疲れていたけれども、相手をしてやった。
- Tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.
- Tired though I was, I kept him company.
- 彼女は一風変わっているけど綺麗だ。
- Kanojo wa ippū kawatte iru kedo kirei da.
- She is strange but pretty.
- 痛いけど気持ちいい。
- Itai kedo kimochi ii.
- It hurts but it feels good.
- (formal) Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic.[3]
- Synonym: が (ga)
Conjunction
けれども • (keredomo)
- (formal) however; be that as it may; but
- Synonyms: だけれども (da keredomo), だけれど (da keredo), だけども (da kedomo), だけど (da kedo), だが (da ga)
- けどさあ、よく考えてみたらキモくね?
- Kedo sā, yoku kangaete mitara kimoku ne?
- But when you think about it though, isn't it kinda disgusting?
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ “けれども”, in デジタル大辞泉 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months