し
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Japanese
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Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 之 in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable
- The hiragana syllable し (shi). Its equivalent in katakana is シ (shi). It is the twelfth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is さ行い段 (sa-gyō i-dan, “row sa, section i”).
Derived terms
See also
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
Particle
- conjunctive particle, separates items in a list of reasons
- 1937, 夢野久作 [Yumeno Kyūsaku], 恐ろしい東京 (Osoroshii Tōkyō):
- 見渡す限り百貨店みたいで、何処で切符を売っているのかわからないし、プラットフォームらしいものもないので、間違ったのかなと思って又石段を上って見ると、丸キリ知らない繁華な町である。
- Miwatasu kagiri hyakkaten mitai de, doko de kippu o utteiru no ka wakaranai shi, purattofōmu rashii mono mo nai no de, machigatta no ka na to omotte mata ishidan o nobottemiruto, marukiri shiranai hanka na machi de aru.
- What I could see looked like a department store, I had no idea where tickets were being sold, and there wasn't anything like a platform. Wondering if I haven't come to the wrong place I once again walked up the stone stairs and a bustling street I wasn't familiar with filled my vision.
- 見渡す限り百貨店みたいで、何処で切符を売っているのかわからないし、プラットフォームらしいものもないので、間違ったのかなと思って又石段を上って見ると、丸キリ知らない繁華な町である。
- K-On! (K-On!)
- 「でもでも、私運動音痴だし、文化系のクラブもよくわからないし…」
- “Demo demo, watashi undō onchi da shi, bunkakei no kurabu mo yoku wakaranai shi…”
- "But—but I'm terrible at sports and I don't really know anything about the cultural clubs…"
- 「でもでも、私運動音痴だし、文化系のクラブもよくわからないし…」
- sentence-ending particle, indicating mild emphasis, and alluding to an inferable but deliberately omitted conclusion
Etymology 3
| Alternative spellings |
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| 此 是 之 維 惟 |
Cognate with demonstrative pronoun そ (so).
Pronoun
- third person personal pronoun; he, she, it
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 904:
- 夕星乃 由布弊尓奈礼婆 伊射祢余登 手乎多豆佐波里 父母毛 表者奈佐我利 三枝之 中尓乎祢牟登 愛久 志我可多良倍婆
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4191:
- 鵜河立 取左牟安由能 之我波多波 吾等尓可伎无気 念之念婆
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4254:
- 八隅知之 吾大皇 秋花 之我色々尓 見賜 明米多麻比 酒見附 榮流今日之 安夜尓貴左
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- reflexive pronoun; one, oneself
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 18, poem 4094:
- 八十伴雄乎 麻都呂倍乃 牟気乃麻尓々々 老人毛 女童児毛 之我願 心太良比尓 撫賜 治賜婆
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 935: Tosa Nikki (day 24)
- 廿四日。講師、むまのはなむけしにいでませり。ありとあるかみしも、わらはまでゑひしれて、一文字をだにしらぬもの、しがあしは十文字にふみてぞあそぶ。
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- c. late 10th century: Ochikubo Monogatari (Volume 1)
- あなわかわかしの晝寢や。しが身のほど知らぬこそいと心憂けれ」とて、うちあざわらひ給ふ。
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Etymology 4
Various Chinese loanwords.
| For pronunciation and definitions of し – see the following entries. | ||
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| (This term, し, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as し, see Category:Japanese kanji read as し.) |
Etymology 5
Suffix
- (Classical Japanese or literary) the adnominal form of Classical and Old Japanese き (ki, past tense auxiliary), equivalent to modern た
Etymology 6
From Old Japanese. Not productive in modern usage.
Suffix
- (Classical Japanese) The 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal or predicative form”) of the conjugable ending for 形容詞 (keiyōshi, “-i adjectives”).
Usage notes
- In Classical and Old Japanese, this is the terminal ending for both しく (shiku) adjectives (those ending in しい (-shii) in modern usage, such as 楽しい (tanoshii, “fun”)) and く (ku) adjectives (those ending in い (-i) in modern usage, such as 高い (takai, “high, tall; expensive”)).
- Meanwhile, in modern Japanese, the terminal ending and adnominal ending both manifest as い (i).
- Examples:
- Many Japanese adjectives were formed by appending this suffix to nouns, for example 大人 (otona, “adult”) + し (-shi) makes Classical 大人し (otonashi, modern form 大人しい (otonashii)).
Conjugation
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | く から |
ku kara | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | く かり |
ku kari | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | し | si | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | き かる |
ki karu | ||
| Realis (已然形) | けれ | kere | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | かれ | kare | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | からず | karazu | ||
| Contrasting conjunction | けれど | keredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | ければ | kereba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | くば | kuba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | かりき | kariki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | かりけり | karikeri | ||
| Adverbial | く | ku | ||
| Without auxiliary verb. With auxiliary verb. | ||||
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | しく しから |
siku sikara | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | しく しかり |
siku sikari | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | し | si | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | しき しかる |
siki sikaru | ||
| Realis (已然形) | しけれ | sikere | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | しかれ | sikare | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | しからず | sikarazu | ||
| Contrasting conjunction | しけれど | sikeredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | しければ | sikereba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | しくば | sikuba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しかりき | sikariki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しかりけり | sikarikeri | ||
| Adverbial | しく | siku | ||
| Without auxiliary verb. With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Etymology 7
| Alternative spelling |
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| 為 (rare) |
Verb
- stem or continuative form of する (suru)
References
- Fujii, Sadakazu with Keiji Inaga (1989) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 18: Ochikubo Monogatari, Sumiyoshi Monogatari (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Hasegawa, Masaharu with Yūichirō Imanishi, Hiroshi Itō, Hiroshi Yoshioka (1989) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 24: Tosa Nikki, Kagerō Nikki, Murasaki Shikibu Nikki, Sarashina Nikki (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
- Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 1: Man’yōshū 1 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1999, →ISBN.
- Satake, Akihiro with Hideo Yamada, Rikio Kudō, Masao Ōtani, and Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 4: Man’yōshū 4 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2003, →ISBN.