ず
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See also: す
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Japanese
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Pronunciation
Etymology 1
The hiragana character す (su) with a dakuten (゛).
Syllable
See also
| The Hiragana script | ||||||||||
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| あぁ | かゕがか゚ | さざ | ただ | な | はばぱ | ま | やゃ | らら゚ | わゎわ゙ | ん |
| いぃ | きぎき゚ | しじ | ちぢ | に | ひびぴ | み | 𛀆 | りり゚ | ゐ𛅐ゐ゙ | |
| うぅゔ | くぐく゚ | すず | つっづ | ぬ | ふぶぷ | む | ゆゅ | るる゚ | 𛄟 | |
| えぇ | けゖげけ゚ | せぜ | てで | ね | へべぺ | め | 𛀁 | れれ゚ | ゑ𛅑ゑ゙ | |
| おぉ | こごこ゚ | そぞ | とど | の | ほぼぽ | も | よょ | ろろ゚ | を𛅒を゙ | |
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Additional symbols
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Etymology 2
From Old Japanese. Generally considered to be a combination of negation suffix ぬ (nu) in its 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of に (ni) + honorific suffix す (su).
/nisu/ → */nzu/ → /zu/
Appears both as zu and as the older nisu form in the Man'yōshū poetry anthology.
Suffix
Usage notes
Much as the older negation suffix ぬ (nu) and the modern negation suffix ない (nai), ず (zu) must come after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of a verb.
The suffix ず (zu) is more formal than the everyday negation suffix ない (nai).
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "ず" (irregular)
| Stem forms | ||||
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| Irrealis (未然形) | ず ざら な |
zu zara na | ||
| Continuative (連用形) | ず ざり に |
zu zari ni | ||
| Terminal (終止形) | ず ざり |
zu zari | ||
| Attributive (連体形) | ぬ ざる |
nu zaru | ||
| Realis (已然形) | ね ざれ |
ne zare | ||
| Imperative (命令形) | ざれ | zare | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | - | |||
| Contrasting conjunction | ねど ざれど |
nedo zaredo | ||
| Causal conjunction | ねば ざれば |
neba zareba | ||
| Conditional conjunction | ずは ずば ざらば |
zufa zuba zaraba | ||
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | ざりき | zariki | ||
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | ざりけり | zarikeri | ||
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | ざりつ | zaritu | ||
| Perfect tense (natural event) | ざりぬ | zarinu | ||
| Perfect-continuative tense | ざりたり | zaritari | ||
| Adverbial | ず | zu | ||
| Nara period form. Without auxiliary verbs. With auxiliary verbs. Unattested. | ||||
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of ず – see the following entries. | ||
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| (This term, ず, is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as ず, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ず.) |
References
- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN