ずる • (zuru) suru (stem じ (ji), past じた (jita))
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | じ・ぜ* | ji ze* | ||
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | じ | ji | ||
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | ずる | zuru | ||
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | ずる | zuru | ||
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | ずれ | zure | ||
| Meireikei ("imperative") | ぜよ¹ じろ² |
zeyo¹ jiro² | ||
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | じられる ぜられる |
jirareru zerareru | ||
| Causative | じさせる じさす |
jisaseru jisasu | ||
| Potential | じられる ぜられる |
jirareru zerareru | ||
| Volitional | じよう | jiyō | ||
| Negative | じない | jinai | ||
| Negative continuative | ぜず | zezu | ||
| Formal | じます | jimasu | ||
| Perfective | じた | jita | ||
| Conjunctive | じて | jite | ||
| Hypothetical conditional | じれば ずれば |
jireba zureba | ||
| * The ze- imperfective occurs in Classical Japanese and in other set phrases, and forms the base of the negative continuative conjugation zezu. The ji- imperfective is most common in Tokyo-standard everyday modern Japanese for forming the base of the negative conjugation jinai.
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | ぜ | ze | |
| Continuative (連用形) | じ | zi | |
| Terminal (終止形) | ず | zu | |
| Attributive (連体形) | ずる | zuru | |
| Realis (已然形) | ずれ | zure | |
| Imperative (命令形) | ぜよ | zeyo | |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | ぜず | zezu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | ずれど | zuredo | |
| Causal conjunction | ずれば | zureba | |
| Conditional conjunction | ぜば | zeba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | じき | ziki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | じけり | zikeri | |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | じつ | zitu | |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | じぬ | zinu | |
| Perfect-continuative tense | ぜり じたり |
zeri zitari | |
| Volitional | ぜむ | zemu | |
| For pronunciation and definitions of ずる – see the following entry. | ||
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| (This term, ずる (zuru), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) For a list of all kanji read as ずる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ずる.) |