せる

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See also: セル

Japanese

Etymology 1

From Classical Japanese (su), which followed 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, lower bigrade conjugation).

Suffix

せる (-seruichidan (stem (-se), past せた (-seta))

  1. Expresses causation: to make ... do ...
    ()(ども)(ほん)()せる
    kodomo ni hon o yomaseru
    to make children read books
    ()ください
    Shinasete kudasai.
    Please let me die.
Usage notes

Attaches only to the ()(ぜん)(けい) (mizenkei, irrealis or incomplete form) of ()(だん)(かつ)(よう) (godan katsuyō, Group I) verbs and the irregular verb する (suru). The result is conjugated like an (いち)(だん)(かつ)(よう) (ichidan katsuyō) verb.

The passive form of verbs from other conjugation classes are formed with させる (-saseru) instead of せる (-seru).

In colloquial speech, せる (-seru) can be contracted to (-su), which follows ()(だん)(かつ)(よう) (godan katsuyō, quinquigrade conjugation).

In traditional Japanese grammar, this is a (じょ)(どう)() (jodōshi, auxiliary verb). Morphologically, this is an inflectional suffix whose proper shape is -ase- (terminal form -aseru), attaching to the stem of consonant-stem verbs.

Conjugation
See also

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of せる – see the following entry.
迫る
to urge, compel; to hurry (someone) along
(This term, せる (seru), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of せる – see the following entry.
競る
to compete (against someone)
to bid in an auction, offer a higher price
to offer for sale, to peddle, hawk
Alternative spelling
糶る
(This term, せる (seru), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

The attributive conjugation of stative せり (seri), in turn analyzable as (se, stem of verb する (suru)) + stative auxiliary suffix (ri). See for further details.

Pronunciation

Verb

せる (seru

  1. (archaic) stative of する (suru, to do), in the adnominal conjugation
    ()(はん)(しょう)(りゃく)せる(ちょう)(るい)(もく)(ろく)
    zuhan o shōryaku seru chōrui mokuroku
    an ornithological catalogue with illustrations omitted