なかれ

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See also: ながれ

Japanese

Alternative spellings
勿れ
莫れ
毋れ
无れ

Etymology

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759.[1][2]

The imperative form of the classical adjective 無し (nashi, “not”).[2][3][4] Originally from fusion of adverbial なく (naku) + imperative copula あれ (are, “be”),[5] resulting in a literal meaning of imperative "be not".

Pronunciation

Particle

なかれ • (nakare) 

  1. (Classical Japanese or literary) must not; do not
    汝(なんじ)、殺(ころ)すなかれ
    Nanji, korosu nakare
    Thou shalt not kill

Usage notes

  • Initial uses always included the noun 事 (koto, “fact, instance”) between the verb and the nakare. Over time, this koto was elided, and nakare would append directly to the verb.
  • Compare with prohibition particle な (na). The use of nakare appears to be more common when prohibiting a class of actions, such as in broad commands, whereas the use of na appears to be more common when prohibiting a specific action.

References

  1. ^
    c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4236:
    , text available online here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 “勿・莫・毋・无”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ “勿れ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen]‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ “無・莫・勿・毋・无・亡”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006, particularly note (5)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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