万

See also: 萬, 方, and ㄪ

万	U+4E07, 万 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E07

← 丆

CJK Unified Ideographs

丈 →

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Descendants

ㄪ (Zhuyin alphabet)

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 万
Shang	Western Zhou
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions

Unknown. Used as a tribal name in oracle inscriptions. Used as a number since the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods.

Various theories have been proposed for its original meaning:

Qu Wanli, Qiu Xigui and others propose that it originally refers to a type of dancer-musicians. This usage is attested in the oracle inscriptions. This may be supported by ancient literature, e.g. Shijing, which mentions a type of dance called 萬舞／万舞.
Lin Yiguang proposes that it is an ancient form of 丏 (OC *meːnʔ), acting as a phonetic component in 賓 (OC *mpin).
Some propose that it is a differentiated form of 亥.

Etymology 1

For pronunciation and definitions of 万 – see 萬 (“scorpion; etc.”). (This character is the simplified and variant form of 萬).
Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

Compounds

万紐于 (Wànniǔyú)

Etymology 2

simp. and trad.		万
alternative forms		𢄏

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mak⁶, maak⁶
Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): mog⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: mò
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mò
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴
  - Yale: mwò
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
  - Palladius: мо (mo)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: mak⁶, maak⁶
  - Yale: mahk, maahk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mak⁹, maak⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: meg⁶, mag⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐk̚²/, /maːk̚²/
Southern Min
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: mog⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mo̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mok̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: mok

Rime
Character	万
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	登 (131)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫北切
Baxter	mok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/mək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mək̚/
Li Rong	/mək̚/
Wang Li	/mək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/mək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mak⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*mɯːɡ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	万
Reading #	2/2
No.	12614
Phonetic component	万
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	墨
Old Chinese	/*mɯːɡ/

Definitions

万

Only used in 万俟 (Mòqí).

References

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), B00001

Japanese

Shinjitai	万
Kyūjitai	萬

Kanji

万

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 萬)

ten thousand, myriad
various, many, all

Readings

As a simplification and variant of 萬:

Go-on: もん (mon)
Kan-on: ばん (ban, Jōyō)
Kan’yō-on: まん (man, Jōyō)
Kun: よろず (yorozu, 万)^{←よろづ (yorodu, 万, historical)}
Nanori: かず (kazu); かつ (katsu); すすむ (susumu); たか (taka); つむ (tsumu); つもる (tsumoru); ま (ma); ゆる (yuru); よし (yoshi)

As part of the surname 万俟:

Go-on: もく (moku)
Kan-on: ぼく (boku)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
万
まん Grade: 2
kan’yōon

Alternative spelling
萬 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Cantonese 萬／万 (maan⁶), Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) まん (Atamadaka – )
IPA^(key):

Noun

万(まん) • (man)

ten thousand, myriad
- 1999 October 17, “３(さん)万(まん)年(ねん)の白(しろ)亀(メ)”, in BOOSTER 5, Konami:
  
  ３(さん)万(まん)年(ねん)も生(い)きつづけている巨(きょ)大(だい)カメ。守(しゅ)備(び)力(りょく)が高(たか)い。
  Sanman-nen mo ikitsuzukete iru kyodai kame. Shubiryoku ga takai.
  A giant turtle that has lived for over 30,000 years. It has high defense strength.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
万
ばん Grade: 2
kan’on

Alternative spelling
萬 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 萬 (MC mjonH). Compare modern Hokkien 萬／万 (bān).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ばん (Atamadaka – )
IPA^(key):

Adverb

万(ばん) • (ban)

(followed by a negative) even if, never
(followed by a negative) no matter what

Prefix

万(ばん) • (ban-)

many
all

Derived terms

万(ばん)感(かん) (bankan, “flood of emotions”)
万(ばん)軍(ぐん) (bangun)
万(ばん)芸(げい) (bangei, “versatility”)
万(ばん)古(こ) (banko, “old time, all this time, eternity”)
万(ばん)斛(こく) (bankoku)
万(ばん)劫(ごう) (bangō, “an extremely long period of time”)
万(ばん)死(し) (banshi, “critical state of the life”)
万(ばん)寿(じゅ) (banju), 万(まん)寿(じゅ) (manju, “longevity”)
万(ばん)丈(じょう) (banjō, “hurrah”)
万(ばん)乗(じょう) (banjō, “sovereignty”)
万(ばん)状(じょう) (banjō, “diversification”)
万(ばん)博(ぱく) (banpaku, “international exposition”)
万(ばん)万(ばん) (banban, “very much”)
万(ばん)民(みん) (banmin, “all the people, the entire nation”)
万(ばん)有(ゆう) (ban'yū)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
万
よろず Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling
萬 (kyūjitai)

⟨yo₂ro₂du⟩ → */jərədu/ → /jorod͡zu/ → /jorozu/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.

Appears to be a compound or inflection, but the derivation is unclear. Possibly related to Korean 여러 (yeoreo, “several, various”), in which case the final /-du/ in the Old Japanese might be a voiced version of the generic numeral nominalizer つ (tsu).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) よろず (Atamadaka – )
(Tokyo) よろず (Heiban – )
IPA^(key):

Noun

万(よろず) • (yorozu) ^{←よろづ (yorodu)^?}

Derived terms

万(よろず)屋(や) (yorozuya, “general merchant”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ “万”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

Korean

Hanja

万 (eumhun 일 만 (il man))

Alternative form of 萬.

References

Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo).

Vietnamese

Han character

万: Hán Việt readings: vạn
万: Nôm readings: vàn, vạn, muôn

Alternative form of 萬.

References

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[4] “万”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000

[tdcntd-5] 1.0 ^1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-6] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Trần (2004).

[btcn-7] Hồ (1976).

Japanese numerals from Old Japanese using 万(よろず) (yorozu)
10,000	20,000	30,000	40,000	50,000	60,000	70,000	80,000	90,000
万(よろず) (yorozu)	二(ふた)万(よろず) (futayorozu)	三(み)万(よろず) (miyorozu)	四(よ)万(よろず) (yoyorozu)	五(い)万(よろず) (iyorozu)	六(む)万(よろず) (muyorozu)	七(なな)万(よろず) (nanayorozu)	八(や)万(よろず) (yayorozu)	九(ここの)万(よろず) (kokonoyorozu)

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