候

See also: 侯

候	U+5019, 候 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5019

← 倘

CJK Unified Ideographs

倚 →

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

候 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人中弓大 (OLNK), four-corner 2723₄, composition ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱𠃍一矢 or ⿰⿰亻丨⿱⿱乛一矢)

Derived characters

𤠣, 𥱌, 𦃺, 𩌖, 𩺟, 𬑟, 𬫺

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 775
Dae Jaweon: page 229, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 5
Unihan data for U+5019

Chinese

trad.		候
simp. ^#		候
2nd round simp.		𫶬
alternative forms		𠋫𠊱

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
緱	koː, koː
侯	*ɡoː
喉	*ɡoː
猴	*ɡoː
瘊	*ɡoː
篌	*ɡoː
糇	*ɡoː
帿	*ɡoː
睺	ɡoː, ɡoːs
矦	*ɡoː
餱	*ɡoː
翭	*ɡoː
葔	*ɡoː
鄇	ɡoː, ɡoːs
鍭	ɡoː, ɡoːs
鯸	*ɡoː
候	*ɡoːs
堠	*ɡoːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː), as 𠊱. The 矦 component (here in modified form where the first 丿 stroke is omitted and the second 丿 stroke is written as a 丨 stroke) is an ancient form of 侯 (hóu).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hòu (hou⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hau⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): heu

(Meixian, Guangdong): hêu⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): hou³
Northern Min (KCR): hē
Eastern Min (BUC): hâiu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hiō / hō͘ / hāu

(Teochew, Peng'im): hao⁷
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gheu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
  - Wade–Giles: hou⁴
  - Yale: hòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
  - Palladius: хоу (xou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hau⁶
  - Yale: hauh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hau⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: heo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐu̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu
  - Hakka Romanization System: heu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: heu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hêu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /heu⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: hou³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /xəu⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hē
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xe⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâiu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiō
  - Tâi-lô: hiō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hioi
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hio⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ho
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāu
  - Tâi-lô: hāu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hau
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hau³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/

Note:

hiō/hō͘ - literary;
hāu - vernacular.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: hao⁷
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hāu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /hau¹¹/

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gheu
  - MiniDict: gheu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hheu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦɤ²³/

Middle Chinese: huwH

Rime
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡遘切
Baxter	huwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəw^H/
Li Rong	/ɣu^H/
Wang Li	/ɣəu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣə̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ˤ(r)o-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hòu
Middle Chinese	‹ huw^H ›
Old Chinese	/*ˁ(r)o-s/
English	wait upon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
No.	5154
Phonetic component	侯
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	𠋫
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːs/

Definitions

候

to reconnoitre; to scout
to observe; to survey
to wait for; to await
to respectfully await
to visit; to send one's respects to
to wait on; to attend to; to take care of
to forecast; to predict (by divination)
(historical) scout; lookout; vanguard
(historical) Alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”)
(historical) official
(historical) posthouse; station
(historical) pentad (ancient time unit composed of five days)
climate; season
omen; sign; portent
(traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse)
(traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom
(dialectal) to pay for (a bill)

Compounds

References

“候”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

候

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ぐ (gu)
Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
Kun: そうろう (sōrō, 候, Jōyō)^{←さうらふ (saurafu, 候, historical)}; うかがう (ukagau, 候う)^{←うかがふ (ukagafu, 候ふ, historical)}; さぶらう (saburau, 候う)^{←さぶらふ (saburafu, 候ふ, historical)}
Nanori: きざす (kizasu)

Compounds

Terms derived from 候

候(こう)補(ほ) (kōho, “candidate, candidacy”)
症(しょう)候(こう) (shōkō, “symptoms”)
斥(せっ)候(こう) (sekkō, “scout, spy”)
兆(ちょう)候(こう), 徴(ちょう)候(こう) (chōkō, “sign, omen”)
微(び)候(こう) (bikō, “sign or symptom; augury”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
候
こう Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こー (Atamadaka – )
IPA^(key):

Noun

候(こう) • (kō)

(literary) the season, the weather of the current season

Derived terms

厳(げん)寒(かん)の候(こう) (genkan no kō, “the coldest season or weather”)
伺(し)候(こう) (shikō, “waiting upon (someone)”)

Compounds

Compounds derived from こう

季(き)候(こう) (kikō, “weather”)
気(き)候(こう) (kikō, “season, climate”)
時(じ)候(こう) (jikō, “season, time of the year”)
七(しち)十(じゅう)二(に)候(こう) (shichijūni-kō)
測(そっ)候(こう) (sokkō, “meteorological observation”)
天(てん)候(こう) (tenkō, “climate”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
候
うかみ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Daijirin-only entry, probable RFD”)

Noun

候(うかみ) • (ukami)

(obsolete) Alternative spelling of 窺見 (“lookout, scout”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
候
そうろう Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/saburaɸu/ → /sauraɸu/ → /soːroː/

A sound shift from 侍(さぶら)う (saburau, “to serve by one's side”), historical さぶらふ. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Alternative forms

候ふ (archaic)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Verb

候(そうろう) • (sōrou) ^{←さうらふ (saurafu)^?}godan (stem 候(そうろい) (sōroi), past 候(そうろっ)た (sōrotta))

(archaic) Alternative form of 候う (“to serve; to be”)

Derived terms

Terms derived from そうろう

御(おん)入(い)り候(そうろう) (on'iri sōrō, “go, come”)
書(か)き候(そうろう) (kakisōrō, “have the honour to write”)
候(そうろう)間(あいだ) (sōrōaida, “as...”)
候(そうろう)所(ところ) (sōrōtokoro, “but...”)
候(そうろう)哉(や) (sōrōya, “I wonder if...”)
候(そうろう)由(よし) (sōrōyoshi, “I hear that...”)
宜(よう)候(そろ) (yōsoro, “Keep her steady”)

Compounds

居(い)候(そうろう) (isōrō, “freeloader, sponger”)
候(そうろう)文(ぶん) (sōrōbun, “epistolary style”)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
候
そろ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Late-medieval transition from sōrō above.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Verb

候(そろ) • (soro)
(alternative reading hiragana す, rōmaji su)
(alternative reading hiragana そう, rōmaji sou, historical hiragana さう)

(archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
- 1863 August 11, Nakaoka Shintarō, 中岡慎太郎全集‎, 日付望月清平、小畑孫二郎、河野万寿弥宛:
  
  止(と)め候(そろ)は如何(いかん)、実(じつ)に可慨(なげくべき)之(の)至(いたり)に候(そろ)事(こと)。
  Tome soro wa ikan, jitsu ni nagekubeki no itari ni soro koto.
  How can he be stopped? It is a truly lamentable result.
(archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of a verb
- 1939, Takamori Saigō, 遺牘‎:
  
  誠(まこと)に可笑(わらうべき)事(こと)に御座(ござい)候(そろ)。
  Makoto ni waraubeki koto ni gozaisoro.
  It is verily a laughable thing.

Derived terms

又(また)候(ぞろ) (matazoro, “(yet) again”)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
候
ぞうろ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/zauro/ → /zoːro/

Stem of rendaku form 候う (zōrou), used in compounds. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key):

Noun

候(ぞうろ) • (zōro) ^{←ざうろ (zauro)^?}

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅘᅮᇢ〮 (Yale: hhwúw) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean ⿲亻亻𫶬 (⿲ 亻亻𫶬)/후〯 (hwǔ) (Yale: hwǔ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key):
Phonetic hangul:

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

候

Wikisource

候 (eumhun 기후 후 (gihu hu))

Hanja form^? of 후 (“climate; season”).
Hanja form^? of 후 (“to forecast; to wait”).

Compounds

후보 (候補, hubo)
징후 (徵候, jinghu)
절후 (節候, jeolhu)
증후 (症候, jeunghu)
기후 (氣候, gihu)
천후 (天候, cheonhu)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

候: Hán Nôm readings: hầu, hậu, thoắng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia