內卷

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Chinese

inside; inner; internal
inside; inner; internal; within; interior
 
chapter; examination paper; to roll (up)
chapter; examination paper; to roll (up); to sweep up; to carry on
 
trad. (內卷/內捲) 內 卷/捲
simp. (内卷) 内 卷
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Etymology

Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that did not increase productivity.

Pronunciation

Verb

內卷

  2. (economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition
  3. (neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead
  4. (neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers

Derived terms

Wikious
Boobota
Sagapedia