內卷
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Chinese
inside; inner; internal inside; inner; internal; within; interior |
chapter; examination paper; to roll (up) chapter; examination paper; to roll (up); to sweep up; to carry on | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (內卷/內捲) | 內 | 卷/捲 | |
| simp. (内卷) | 内 | 卷 | |
Etymology
Calque of English involution, from its Latin roots. This sense was coined in Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia (1963) by Clifford Geertz, as an antonym of evolution, where Geertz observed Javanese and Balinese rice farmers failed to transit from labor-intensive farming to capital-intensive farming, but rather developing intensive competition that does not increase productivity.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄟˋ ㄐㄩㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nèijyuǎn
- Wade–Giles: nei4-chüan3
- Yale: nèi-jywǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: neyjeuan
- Palladius: нэйцзюань (nɛjczjuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /neɪ̯⁵¹ t͡ɕy̯ɛn²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: noi6 gyun2
- Yale: noih gyún
- Cantonese Pinyin: noi6 gyn2
- Guangdong Romanization: noi6 gün2
- Sinological IPA (key): /nɔːi̯²² kyːn³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Verb
內卷
- (economics, social sciences, of a society or nation) to stop developing or progressing despite intense inner competition
- (neologism, slang) to be in a state of increased competition for limited resources, requiring great effort to stay ahead
- (neologism, slang) to study harder or work longer as a result of intense competition among peers
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- 但現實是，大學生越來越多，好崗位又非常有限，大學生不得不降低預期，放下身段，被迫內卷。 [MSC, trad.]
- Dàn xiànshí shì, dàxuéshēng yuè lái yuè duō, hǎo gǎngwèi yòu fēicháng yǒuxiàn, dàxuéshēng bùdébù jiàngdī yùqī, fàngxià shēnduàn, bèipò nèijuǎn.
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
但现实是，大学生越来越多，好岗位又非常有限，大学生不得不降低预期，放下身段，被迫内卷。 [MSC, simp.]
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