凍
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See also: 冻
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Translingual
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Han character
凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 35196, composition ⿰冫東)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
- Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
- Unihan data for U+51CD
Chinese
| trad. | 凍 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 冻 | |
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs): semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): dung3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tung
- Eastern Min (BUC): dáe̤ng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ton
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
- Wade–Giles: tung4
- Yale: dùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
- Palladius: дун (dun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: dung3
- Yale: dung
- Cantonese Pinyin: dung3
- Guangdong Romanization: dung3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʊŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tung
- Hakka Romanization System: dung
- Hagfa Pinyim: dung4
- Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dáe̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɔyŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- tàng - vernacular;
- tòng - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: dang3 / dong3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tàng / tòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /taŋ²¹³/, /toŋ²¹³/
Note:
- dang3 - vernacular;
- dong3 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: tuwng, tuwngH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ/, /*toːŋs/
Definitions
凍
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”)
Compounds
- 上凍 / 上冻 (shàngdòng)
- 不凍 / 不冻
- 不凍港 / 不冻港 (bùdònggǎng)
- 價格凍結 / 价格冻结
- 冰凍 / 冰冻 (bīngdòng)
- 冰消凍解 / 冰消冻解
- 冰消凍釋 / 冰消冻释
- 冰解凍釋 / 冰解冻释
- 冷凍 / 冷冻 (lěngdòng)
- 冷凍蔬菜 / 冷冻蔬菜
- 冷凍食品 / 冷冻食品 (lěngdòng shípǐn)
- 凍住 / 冻住
- 凍傷 / 冻伤 (dòngshāng)
- 凍僵 / 冻僵
- 凍凌觜臉 / 冻凌觜脸
- 凍剝剝 / 冻剥剥
- 凍原 / 冻原 (dòngyuán)
- 凍土 / 冻土 (dòngtǔ)
- 凍天行 / 冻天行
- 凍害 / 冻害 (dònghài)
- 凍寒 / 冻寒
- 凍斃 / 冻毙 (dòngbì)
- 凍欽欽 / 冻钦钦
- 凍死 / 冻死 (dòngsǐ)
- 凍瘡 / 冻疮 (dòngchuāng)
- 凍省 / 冻省 (dòng shěng)
- 凍石 / 冻石
- 凍結 / 冻结 (dòngjié)
- 凍結資金 / 冻结资金
- 凍肉 / 冻肉 (dòngròu)
- 凍薪 / 冻薪 (dòngxīn)
- 凍解冰釋 / 冻解冰释
- 凍豆腐 / 冻豆腐
- 凍雨 / 冻雨 (dòngyǔ)
- 凍餒 / 冻馁 (dòngněi)
- 凝凍 / 凝冻
- 北極凍原 / 北极冻原
- 呵凍 / 呵冻
- 天寒地凍 / 天寒地冻 (tiānhándìdòng)
- 愛玉凍 / 爱玉冻 (àiyùdòng)
- 挨餓受凍 / 挨饿受冻
- 擔飢受凍 / 担饥受冻
- 果凍 / 果冻 (guǒdòng)
- 滴水成凍 / 滴水成冻
- 肉凍 / 肉冻 (ròudòng)
- 解凍 / 解冻 (jiědòng)
- 防凍 / 防冻 (fángdòng)
- 霜凍 / 霜冻 (shuāngdòng)
- 飢凍交切 / 饥冻交切
- 魚凍 / 鱼冻 (yúdòng)
Descendants
- → Old Turkic: dong (frozen)
Japanese
Kanji
凍
- frozen
Readings
- Go-on: つう (tsū)←つう (tuu, historical)
- Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)←とう (tou, historical)
- Kun: こおる (kōru, 凍る, Jōyō)←こほる (koforu, 凍る, historical)、こごえる (kogoeru, 凍える, Jōyō)、いてる (iteru, 凍てる)、しみる (shimiru, 凍みる)
Compounds
- 不凍 (futō, “nonfreezing”)
Related terms
Korean
Hanja
Vietnamese
Han character
凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng
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