劫

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See also: 刦

劫	U+52AB, 劫 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52AB

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Han character

劫 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 土戈大尸 (GIKS) or 難土戈大尸 (XGIKS), four-corner 4772₀, composition ⿰去力)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 30
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2316
Dae Jaweon: page 331, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 367, character 12
Unihan data for U+52AB

Chinese

simp. and trad.		劫
alternative forms		刧刦𠛗刼𠉨刧刦𠛗刼𠉨𠞏

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 劫
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (去) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
佉	*kʰal
呿	kʰal, kʰas, *kʰab
抾	kʰɯ, kʰɯ, *kʰab
弆	kaʔ, kʰaʔ
祛	*kʰa
袪	*kʰa
阹	*kʰa
胠	kʰa, kʰas, *kʰab
魼	kʰa, kʰl'aːb
去	kʰaʔ, kʰas
麮	kʰaʔ, kʰas
鼁	*kʰas
砝	kaːb, kab
劫	kab, kab
鉣	*kab
蜐	kab, kab
怯	*kʰab

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kab, *kab) : phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”)

Etymology

“(Buddhism) disaster”: Short for 劫波 (jiébō), from Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jié (jie²)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄝˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gip³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiap
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiap

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jié
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄝˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jié
  - Wade–Giles: chieh²
  - Yale: jyé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jye
  - Palladius: цзе (cze)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: gip³
  - Yale: gip
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gip⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: gib³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːp̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiap
  - Hakka Romanization System: giab^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: giab⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯ap̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiap
  - Tâi-lô: kiap
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiab
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiap̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiap̚⁵/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiap̚³²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiap̚³²/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiap̚³²/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 劫
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕiɛ³⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiə⁴²/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiɛ²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕi²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕie¹³/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕiɤ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕie²¹³/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/ /t͡ɕie³¹/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰie²¹/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕiɛ³¹/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕieʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰiəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰiaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕiɪʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕi²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕieʔ²¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡ɕia⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕie²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕie²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕiɛʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/kiap̚¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kiɑp̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kip̚³/
	Nanning	/kip̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/kip̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiap̚³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kiɛʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kiɛ²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kiap̚²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kiap̚⁵/

Middle Chinese: kjaep

Rime
Character	劫
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	業 (147)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	居怯切
Baxter	kjaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨɐp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kiɐp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kiɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɨap̚/
Li Rong	/kiap̚/
Wang Li	/kĭɐp̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯ɐp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jie
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gip³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*k(r)ap/

(Zhengzhang): /*kab/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	劫
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jié
Middle Chinese	‹ kjæp ›
Old Chinese	/*k(r)ap/
English	rob
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be -t or -p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	劫	劫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6438	10694
Phonetic component	劫	去
Rime group	盍	盍
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	劫	劫
Old Chinese	/*kab/	/*kab/
Notes	荀子從刀，又譯kalpa	荀子從刀，又梵譯kalpa

Definitions

劫

to coerce; to compel; to threaten
to rob; to plunder; to take by force
(Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”).
1. (hyperbolic) extremely long time
2. (figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe

Synonyms

(to coerce):

勒
勒逼 (lèbī)
強制 / 强制 (qiángzhì)
強迫 / 强迫
強逼 / 强逼 (qiǎngbī)
押 (Hokkien, Teochew)
緊逼 / 紧逼 (jǐnbī)
脅迫 / 胁迫 (xiépò)
迫
迫使 (pòshǐ)
逼
逼迫 (bīpò)

(disaster):

亂兒 / 乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
人禍 / 人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
劫煞 (Hokkien)
劫難 / 劫难 (jiénàn)
厄 (literary, or in compounds)
大禍 / 大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
大難 / 大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
天災 / 天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
奇禍 / 奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
巨禍 / 巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
患 (huàn) (literary, or in compounds)
慘事 / 惨事 (cǎnshì)
慘劇 / 惨剧 (cǎnjù)
慘禍 / 惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
沙𧐔 (sua¹ sab⁴) (Teochew)
浩劫 (hàojié)
災 / 灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
災劫 / 灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
災厄 / 灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
災殃 / 灾殃 (zāiyāng)
災禍 / 灾祸 (zāihuò)
災變 / 灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
災難 / 灾难 (zāinàn)
癰疽 / 痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
禍事 / 祸事 (huòshì)
禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
禍息 / 祸息 (ho⁵ si⁶) (Xiang)
禍患 / 祸患 (huòhuàn)
禍殃 / 祸殃 (huòyāng)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (劫):

→ Japanese: 劫(こう) (kō)
→ Korean: 겁(劫) (geop)
→ Vietnamese: kiếp (劫)

Others:

→ Vietnamese: cướp

References

“劫”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 劫

劫

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

intimidate
aeon, eon

Readings

Go-on: こう (kō)^{←こふ (kofu, historical)}
Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←けふ (kefu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: ごう (gō)^{←ごふ (gofu, historical)}
Kun: おびやかす (obiyakasu, 劫かす)

Compounds

Compounds

劫(こう)火(か) (kōka)
曠(こう)劫(ごう) (kōgō)
劫(こう)濁(じょく) (kōjoku)
劫(こう)奪(だつ) (kōdatsu)
劫(ごう)初(しょ) (gōsho)
劫(ごう)盗(とう) (gōtō)
劫(ごう)末(まつ) (gōmatsu)
劫(ごう)掠(りゃく), 劫(ごう)略(りゃく) (gōryaku)
永(えい)劫(ごう) (eigō)
壊(え)劫(こう) (ekō)
億(おっ)劫(こう) (okkō), 億(おっ)劫(くう) (okkū)
空(くう)劫(こう) (kūkō)
久(く)遠(おん)劫(ごう) (kuongō)
倶(く)胝(てい)劫(こう) (kuteikō)
減(げん)劫(こう) (genkō)
賢(けん)劫(ごう) (kengō), 賢(げん)劫(ごう) (gengō)
五(ご)劫(こう)思(し)惟(ゆい) (gokō shiyui)
三(さん)阿(あ)僧(そう)祇(ぎ)劫(こう) (san a sōgi kō)
四(し)劫(こう) (shikō)
住(じゅう)劫(こう) (jūkō)
小(しょう)劫(こう) (shōkō)
成(じょう)劫(こう) (jōkō), 成(じょう)劫(ごう) (jōgō)
塵(じん)劫(こう) (jinkō), 塵(じん)劫(ごう) (jingō), 塵(じん)点(でん)劫(ごう) (jindengō)
増(ぞう)劫(こう) (zōkō)
多(た)生(しょう)劫(ごう) (tashōgō)
万(まん)劫(ごう) (mangō), 万(ばん)劫(ごう) (bangō)
無(む)量(りょう)劫(ごう) (muryōgō)
歴(りゃっ)劫(こう) (ryakkō)

Etymology 1

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

劫

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Kalpa (aeon)

Kanji in this term
劫
こう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

/kopu/ → /kofu/ → */kowu/ → /koː/

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep), short form of 劫波 (MC kjaep pa), itself a transliteration of Sanskrit कल्प (kalpa, “aeon”).

Pronunciation 1

(Tokyo) こー (Atamadaka – )^[1]
IPA^(key):

Noun

劫(こう) • (kō) ^{←こふ (kofu)^?}

(Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

Derived terms

Derived terms

Proverbs

烏(い)賊(か)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (ika no kō yori toshi no kō)
亀(かめ)の甲(こう)より年(とし)の劫(こう) (kame no kō yori toshi no kō)

Pronunciation 2

(Tokyo) こー (Heiban – )^[1]
(Tokyo) こー (Atamadaka – )^[1]
IPA^(key):

Noun

劫(こう) • (kō) ^{←こふ (kofu)^?}

(go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely

Derived terms

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
劫
ごう Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

/ɡopu/ → /ɡofu/ → */ɡowu/ → /ɡoː/

Possibly a shift from kō above. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ごー (Atamadaka – )
IPA^(key):

Noun

劫(ごう) • (gō) ^{←ごふ (gofu)^?}

(Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology

Derived terms

Derived terms

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 劫 (MC kjaep). Recorded as Middle Korean 刼/겁〮 (kép) (Yale: kep) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

劫

劫 (eumhun 위협할 겁 (wihyeophal geop))

hanja form^? of 겁 (“coerce; threaten”)
hanja form^? of 겁 (“kalpa”)

Compounds

Compounds

겁략 (劫掠, geomnyak)
겁박 (劫迫, geopbak)
겁탈 (劫奪, geoptal)
겁박 (劫縛, geopbak)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

劫: Hán Nôm readings: kiếp

(Buddhism) kalpa

Wikious

Boobota

Sagapedia