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See also:
U+53BB, 去
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53BB

CJK Unified Ideographs

Translingual

Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 28, +3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 土戈 (GI), four-corner 40731, composition )

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3070
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 384, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+53BB

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms


dialectal

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Shang Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : (man) + (mouth, object). Top figure simplified to , unrelated to (“scholar, gentleman”), while bottom simplified to . There are various interpretations of the combination of “man” and “mouth, object”. One is that the ideograph represented a man with a hole marked in his crotch, with the idea of “anus” (i.e. getting rid of) (Schuessler, 2007). Another is that it represented a man departing from a cave or city.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of (OC *kʰal, *kʰas, *kʰab, “to open one's mouth”), the meaning given by the combination of (“big”) and (“mouth”). The meaning “to depart” would be an extension of the meaning “to open one's mouth”, as the lips depart from each other when one's mouth is open.

Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) : semantic (man) + phonetic 𠙴 ().

In addition, is also the original character of (OC *ɡaːb, “to cover”). The could be a cover on top of an object .

The man on top is simplified as 土 as in and (< 𧺆).

Etymology

There were two pronunciations in Middle Chinese. The rising tone pronunciation originally meant “to put away, to eliminate” (causative of “to go away”), and the falling tone “to go away, to leave, to depart” (anticausative). The merger of the two pronunciations already happened in Old Chinese and most extant dialects do not observe this distinction now.

This word is of Sino-Tibetan origin with the basic meaning of "to get rid of". Compare Tibetan སྐྱག (skyag, to spend, to lay out; dung, excrement), རྐྱག (rkyag, dirt, excrement), Burmese ကျ (kya., to fall, to become low), ချ (hkya., to put down, to bring down, to lower).

Pronunciation 1


Note:
  • qie4 - vernacular;
  • qu4 - literary.
Note:
  • kī - vernacular;
  • qū - literary.
Note: ké̤ṳ - "departing tone".
Note: khù - suburbs of Xiamen.
Note:
  • ke3 - Chaozhou, Chenghai, Shantou, Jieyang, Pontianak;
  • ku3 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
Note:
  • Chongming 5khi - vernacular;
  • Chongming 5chi, 5chiu - literary;
  • 5chi, 5khou - vernacular;
  • 5chiu - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰy⁵³/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰy²¹/
/t͡ɕʰi²¹/ 過~
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰy³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Yinchuan /kʰɯ¹³/
/t͡ɕʰy¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰi¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰy²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
/kʰɯ³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰy¹³/
/t͡ɕʰie¹³/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰi²¹³/
/kʰe²¹³/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰi²¹²/ ~年
/kʰə²¹²/ ~大理
Nanjing /kʰi⁴⁴/
/t͡ɕʰy⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰy⁴⁵/ ~哪
/kəʔ²/ 上~
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/ 來~
/kəʔ⁴³/ 吃~
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi³⁵/
/t͡ɕʰy³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /t͡sʰz̩ʷ⁴⁴⁵/
/t͡ɕʰi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰy⁴²/
/kʰei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰy³²⁴/
/t͡ɕʰi³²⁴/
Tunxi /kʰə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰy⁵⁵/
/kʰə⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰie⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰie²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hi⁵³/
Taoyuan /kʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /høy³³/
Nanning /hy³³/
Hong Kong /høy³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰu²¹/
/kʰi²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɔ²¹²/
/kʰœ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰɔ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰɯ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hu³⁵/
/xu³⁵/

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (22)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter khjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆H/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔH/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoH/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi3
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoH ›
Old
Chinese
/*ʰ(r)ap-s/
English depart

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 10687
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰas/

Definitions

  1. to leave; to depart from
      ―  shì  ―  to pass away
  2. to go to; to leave for
    哪兒哪儿  ―  nǎr?  ―  Where are you going?
    Antonym:  / (lái)
  3. (before or after a verb) to go in order to do something
    辦公室請假 [MSC, trad.]
    办公室请假 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā dào bàngōngshì qǐngjià.
    He went to the office to ask for leave.
    釣魚網球 [MSC, trad.]
    钓鱼网球 [MSC, simp.]
    diàoyú le, ér méi dǎ wǎngqiú.
    He went fishing instead of playing tennis.
  4. (between two verbs) to; in order to
  5. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement away from the speaker.
      ―  xià  ―  to go down
      ―  sòng   ―  to send away
  6. to send; to dispatch
  7. to play (a part, a character); to act
  8. (euphemistic) to pass away; to die
  9. last; past
      ―  nián  ―  last year
  10. 66th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "departure" (𝍇)
  11. Short for 去聲去声 (qùshēng).
  12. (literary) to be separated by; to be apart by
  13. (neologism) what the hell; what; damn; fuck
      ―    ―  what the hell
Synonyms

Pronunciation 2


Note: heoi2 - rare.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (22)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter khjoX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰɨʌX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰiɔX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰiɔX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰɨə̆X/
Li
Rong
/kʰiɔX/
Wang
Li
/kʰĭoX/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kʰi̯woX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
heoi2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ khjoX ›
Old
Chinese
/*(r)aʔ/
English get rid of

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 10684
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰaʔ/

Definitions

  1. to remove; to get rid of
      ―  diào  ―  to remove
      ―  tuō  ―  to throw off
      ―  chāi  ―  to remove, to take off
    蝦腸虾肠  ―  xiācháng  ―  to remove the intestines from shrimp
    牛肉腥味之後好食 [Cantonese, trad.]
    牛肉腥味之后好食 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngau4 juk6 heoi3 zo2 di1 sing1 mei6 zi1 hau6 wui5 hou2 sik6 hou2 do1.
    Beef tastes much better after you get rid of the rankness.
    白蝦白虾  ―  tóu báixiā  ―  headless white shrimp
    中心化  ―  zhōngxīnhuà  ―  decentralization
  2. to discard

Pronunciation 3

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to hoard, to hide away”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Pronunciation 4

For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to drive; to spur; to run quickly; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of ).

Compounds

See also

The tones (of Chinese) in Mandarin · 聲調 / 声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
平仄 (píngzè) (píng)
平聲 / 平声 (píngshēng)
()
仄聲 / 仄声 (zèshēng)
平上去入 (píngshǎngqùrù)
四聲 / 四声 (sìshēng)
(píng)
平聲 / 平声 (píngshēng)
(shǎng)
上聲 / 上声 (shǎngshēng)
()
去聲 / 去声 (qùshēng)
()
入聲 / 入声 (rùshēng)
標調方法 / 标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
標調法 / 标调法
四角標調法 / 四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜂◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜆
◌〪 ◌〫 ◌〬 ◌〭
傍點 / 傍点 ◌〮 ◌〯
四聲八調 / 四声八调 陰平 / 阴平 (yīnpíng) 陽平 / 阳平 (yángpíng) 陰上 / 阴上 (yīnshǎng) 陽上 / 阳上 (yángshǎng) 陰去 / 阴去 (yīnqù) 陽去 / 阳去 (yángqù) 陰入 / 阴入 (yīnrù) 陽入 / 阳入 (yángrù)
 / (yīn)  / (yáng)
標調方法 / 标调方法 (biāodiào fāngfǎ)
標調法 / 标调法
四角標調法 / 四角标调法 ꜀◌ ꜁◌ ꜂◌ ꜃◌ ◌꜄ ◌꜅ ◌꜆ ◌꜇
The tones (of Standard Mandarin) in Mandarin · 聲調 / 声调 (shēngdiào) (layout · text)
四聲 / 四声 (sìshēng) 陰平 / 阴平 (yīnpíng)
一聲 / 一声
陽平 / 阳平 (yángpíng)
二聲 / 二声 (èrshēng)
上聲 / 上声 (shǎngshēng)
三聲 / 三声 (sānshēng)
去聲 / 去声 (qùshēng)
四聲 / 四声 (sìshēng)
輕聲 / 轻声 (qīngshēng)

References

Japanese

Kanji

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to leave, to go away
  2. past

Readings

Compounds

See also

Korean

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (gal geo))

  1. hanja form? of (to leave; to go away)

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: khứ, khử[1], khu[2]

  1. (literary) Chữ Hán form of khứ (to leave, to go).
  2. Chữ Hán form of khử (to remove).

Compounds

References