向上
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Chinese
direction; part; side direction; part; side; towards; to; guide; opposite to |
up; on; on top up; on; on top; upon; first; previous or last; upper; higher; above; previous; to climb; to go into; to go up | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| simp. and trad. (向上) |
向 | 上 | |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hoeng3 soeng6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiong-song
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiòng-siōng / hiàng-siāng / hiàng-siōng
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄤˋ ㄕㄤˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siàngshàng
- Wade–Giles: hsiang4-shang4
- Yale: syàng-shàng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shianqshanq
- Palladius: сяншан (sjanšan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɑŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʂɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: hoeng3 soeng6
- Yale: heung seuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: hoeng3 soeng6
- Guangdong Romanization: hêng3 sêng6
- Sinological IPA (key): /hœːŋ³³ sœːŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiong-song
- Hakka Romanization System: hiong song
- Hagfa Pinyim: hiong4 song4
- Sinological IPA: /hi̯oŋ⁵⁵ soŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiòng-siōng
- Tâi-lô: hiòng-siōng
- Phofsit Daibuun: hiorngsiong
- IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ¹¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ³³/
- IPA (Xiamen): /hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siɔŋ²²/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /hiɔŋ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ siɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng-siāng
- Tâi-lô: hiàng-siāng
- Phofsit Daibuun: hiarngsiang
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siaŋ³³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁵³ siaŋ²²/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiàng-siōng
- Tâi-lô: hiàng-siōng
- Phofsit Daibuun: hiarngsiong
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiaŋ²¹⁻⁴¹ siɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
Verb
向上
Synonyms
Adverb
向上
Derived terms
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 向 | 上 |
| こう Grade: 3 |
じょう Grade: 1 |
| on'yomi | |
Noun
Verb
向上する • (kōjō suru) suru (stem 向上し (kōjō shi), past 向上した (kōjō shita))
Conjugation
Conjugation of "向上する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 向上し | こうじょうし | kōjō shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 向上し | こうじょうし | kōjō shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 向上する | こうじょうする | kōjō suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 向上する | こうじょうする | kōjō suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 向上すれ | こうじょうすれ | kōjō sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 向上せよ¹ 向上しろ² |
こうじょうせよ¹ こうじょうしろ² |
kōjō seyo¹ kōjō shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 向上される | こうじょうされる | kōjō sareru | |
| Causative | 向上させる 向上さす |
こうじょうさせる こうじょうさす |
kōjō saseru kōjō sasu | |
| Potential | 向上できる | こうじょうできる | kōjō dekiru | |
| Volitional | 向上しよう | こうじょうしよう | kōjō shiyō | |
| Negative | 向上しない | こうじょうしない | kōjō shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 向上せず | こうじょうせず | kōjō sezu | |
| Formal | 向上します | こうじょうします | kōjō shimasu | |
| Perfective | 向上した | こうじょうした | kōjō shita | |
| Conjunctive | 向上して | こうじょうして | kōjō shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 向上すれば | こうじょうすれば | kōjō sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||