困厄

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Chinese

		distress; sleepy; doze off	adversity
simp. and trad. (困厄)		困	厄

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): kùn'è

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄜˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kwan³ aak¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khùn-iak / khùn-ek

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kùn'è
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄣˋ ㄜˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kùn-è
  - Wade–Giles: kʻun⁴-o⁴
  - Yale: kwùn-è
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuenneh
  - Palladius: куньэ (kunʹe)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu̯ən⁵¹⁻⁵³ ˀɤ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: kwan³ aak¹
  - Yale: kwan āak
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kwan³ aak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: kuen³ ag¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷʰɐn³³ aːk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-iak
  - Tâi-lô: khùn-iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quon'iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰun⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ iak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khùn-ek
  - Tâi-lô: khùn-ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: quon'eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰun²¹⁻⁵³ iɪk̚³²/

Middle Chinese: khwonH 'eak

Rime
Character	困	厄
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)	麥 (119)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	苦悶切	於革切
Baxter	khwonH	'eak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuən^H/	/ʔˠɛk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuon^H/	/ʔᵚæk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuən^H/	/ʔɐk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰwən^H/	/ʔəɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/kʰuən^H/	/ʔɛk̚/
Wang Li	/kʰuən^H/	/æk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuən^H/	/ʔæk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kùn	e
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fan³	ak¹

Noun

困厄

(literary) dire straits; distress

Synonyms

危境 (wēijìng)
厄 (literary, or in compounds)
困境 (kùnjìng)
地步 (dìbù)
時艱／时艰 (shíjiān) (difficult times at present)
溝壑／沟壑 (gōuhè) (literary)
畏景 (wèijǐng) (literary, figurative)
處境／处境 (chǔjìng)
逆境 (nìjìng)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
困	厄
こん Grade: 6	やく Grade: S
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
困阨

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こんやく (Heiban – )^[1]
IPA^(key):

Noun

困(こん)厄(やく) • (kon'yaku)

dire straits; distress

Verb

困(こん)厄(やく)する • (kon'yaku suru) suru (stem 困(こん)厄(やく)し (kon'yaku shi), past 困(こん)厄(やく)した (kon'yaku shita))

to be in serious danger

Conjugation

Conjugation of "困厄する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	困厄し	こんやくし	kon'yaku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	困厄し	こんやくし	kon'yaku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	困厄する	こんやくする	kon'yaku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	困厄する	こんやくする	kon'yaku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	困厄すれ	こんやくすれ	kon'yaku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	困厄せよ¹ 困厄しろ²	こんやくせよ¹ こんやくしろ²	kon'yaku seyo¹ kon'yaku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	困厄される	こんやくされる	kon'yaku sareru
Causative	困厄させる困厄さす	こんやくさせるこんやくさす	kon'yaku saseru kon'yaku sasu
Potential	困厄できる	こんやくできる	kon'yaku dekiru
Volitional	困厄しよう	こんやくしよう	kon'yaku shiyō
Negative	困厄しない	こんやくしない	kon'yaku shinai
Negative continuative	困厄せず	こんやくせず	kon'yaku sezu
Formal	困厄します	こんやくします	kon'yaku shimasu
Perfective	困厄した	こんやくした	kon'yaku shita
Conjunctive	困厄して	こんやくして	kon'yaku shite
Hypothetical conditional	困厄すれば	こんやくすれば	kon'yaku sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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