堪
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Translingual
Han character
堪 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 44111, composition ⿰土甚)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 27
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
- Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
- Unihan data for U+582A
Chinese
| trad. | 堪 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 堪 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 堪 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 湛 | *ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um |
| 媅 | *ʔl'uːm |
| 黮 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ |
| 糂 | *sluːmʔ |
| 堪 | *kʰluːm |
| 戡 | *kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ |
| 嵁 | *kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm |
| 歁 | *kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb |
| 勘 | *kʰluːms |
| 磡 | *kʰuːms |
| 墈 | *kʰuːms |
| 偡 | *r'uːmʔ |
| 碪 | *ʔl'um |
| 椹 | *ʔl'um |
| 揕 | *ʔl'ums |
| 踸 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 鍖 | *l̥ʰumʔ |
| 斟 | *kljum |
| 諶 | *ɡljum |
| 愖 | *ɡljum |
| 瘎 | *ɡljum |
| 煁 | *ɡljum |
| 甚 | *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums |
| 葚 | *ɦljumʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums, “extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight.
Etymology
Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to receive; to endure”), Jingpho khàm (“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ham1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khâm
- Northern Min (KCR): káng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄢ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kan
- Wade–Giles: kʻan1
- Yale: kān
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kan
- Palladius: кань (kanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰän⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ham1
- Yale: hām
- Cantonese Pinyin: ham1
- Guangdong Romanization: hem1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐm⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khâm
- Hakka Romanization System: kamˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kam1
- Sinological IPA: /kʰam²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: káng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰaŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: khom
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ˤm/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰluːm/
Definitions
堪
- may; can; to be capable of; to be able to
- 花開堪折直須折，莫待無花空折枝。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Tang dynasty, author unknown, traditionally ascribed to Du Qiuniang (杜秋娘), 金縷衣 (jīnlǚyī)
- Huā kāi kān zhé zhíxū zhé, mò dài wú huā kōng zhé zhī.
- When flowers bloom and you’re able to do so, pick them immediately: don’t wait until there are none left to only pick twigs.
花开堪折直须折，莫待无花空折枝。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to bear; to stand; to resist; to endure
- (obsolete) protrusion in the earth
Compounds
- 七不堪
- 不堪 (bùkān)
- 不堪一擊 / 不堪一击 (bùkānyījī)
- 不堪七
- 不堪之物
- 不堪入目 (bùkānrùmù)
- 不堪入耳 (bùkānrù'ěr)
- 不堪其擾 / 不堪其扰 (bùkānqírǎo)
- 不堪回首 (bùkānhuíshǒu)
- 不堪言狀 / 不堪言状
- 不堪設想 / 不堪设想 (bùkānshèxiǎng)
- 不堪負荷 / 不堪负荷
- 不堪造就
- 不復堪命 / 不复堪命
- 仲堪
- 任堪
- 何堪
- 依瑪堪 / 依玛堪
- 克堪
- 凌亂不堪
- 可堪
- 國不堪貳 / 国不堪贰 (guóbùkān'èr)
- 堪㐨
- 堪可
- 堪坏
- 堪培拉 (Kānpéilā)
- 堪堪
- 堪士
- 堪巖 / 堪岩
- 堪布 (kānbù)
- 堪忍
- 堪憂 / 堪忧 (kānyōu)
- 堪比
- 堪火
- 堪稱 / 堪称 (kānchēng)
- 堪笑
- 堪能 (kānnéng)
- 堪薩 / 堪萨
- 堪薩斯 / 堪萨斯 (Kānsàsī)
- 堪薩斯州 / 堪萨斯州
- 堪虞 (kānyú)
- 堪輿 / 堪舆 (kānyú)
- 堪輿家 / 堪舆家
- 堪達罕 / 堪达罕 (kāndáhǎn)
- 富堪敵國 / 富堪敌国
- 差堪
- 弗堪
- 情何以堪 (qínghéyǐkān)
- 擁擠不堪 / 拥挤不堪
- 斯堪的納維亞 / 斯堪的纳维亚 (Sīkāndínàwéiyà)
- 會堪得 / 会堪得 (ē-kham-tit)
- 民不堪命
- 無堪 / 无堪
- 狼狽不堪 / 狼狈不堪
- 痛不堪忍
- 百無一堪 / 百无一堪
- 石堪子
- 破敗不堪 / 破败不堪
- 破爛不堪 / 破烂不堪 (pòlànbùkān)
- 破舊不堪 / 破旧不堪
- 秀色堪餐
- 自堪
- 苦不堪言 (kǔbùkānyán)
- 誰堪 / 谁堪
- 那堪
- 鄙俗不堪
- 門堪羅雀 / 门堪罗雀
- 門庭冷落，門堪羅雀 / 门庭冷落，门堪罗雀
- 難堪 / 难堪 (nánkān)
Japanese
Kanji
堪
Readings
- Go-on: こん (kon)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kan’yō-on: たん (tan)
- Kun: たえる (taeru, 堪える, Jōyō)、こらえる (koraeru, 堪える)、こたえる (kotaeru, 堪える)、たまる (tamaru, 堪る)
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 堪 |
| かん Grade: S |
| kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
Pronunciation
Affix
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 캄 (Yale: kham) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 감 (kam) (Yale: kam) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key):
- Phonetic hangul:
Hanja
堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))
Compounds
Compounds
- 불감 (不堪, bulgam)
- 감당 (堪當, gamdang, “coping with; managing”)
- 감내 (堪耐, gamnae, “perseverance”)
- 감인 (堪忍, gamin, “patience, forbearance”)
- 난감 (難堪, nan'gam, “being intolerable; being unbearable; embarrassment”)
- 감능 (堪能, gamneung, “patience, perseverance”)
References
Vietnamese
Han character
堪: Hán Nôm readings: kham, khom, khăm
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