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堪. In DICTIOUS you will not only get to know all the dictionary meanings for the word
堪, but we will also tell you about its etymology, its characteristics and you will know how to say
堪 in singular and plural. Everything you need to know about the word
堪 you have here. The definition of the word
堪 will help you to be more precise and correct when speaking or writing your texts. Knowing the definition of
堪, as well as those of other words, enriches your vocabulary and provides you with more and better linguistic resources.
Translingual
Han character
堪 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土廿一女 (GTMV), four-corner 44111, composition ⿰土甚)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 27
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5266
- Dae Jaweon: page 471, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 460, character 1
- Unihan data for U+582A
Chinese
Glyph origin
|
|
Old Chinese
|
| 湛
|
*ʔl'uːm, *r'uːmʔ, *l'um
|
| 媅
|
*ʔl'uːm
|
| 黮
|
*l̥ʰuːmʔ, *l'uːmʔ
|
| 糂
|
*sluːmʔ
|
| 堪
|
*kʰluːm
|
| 戡
|
*kʰluːm, *ʔl'umʔ
|
| 嵁
|
*kʰluːm, *ŋɡluːm, *ŋɡluːmʔ, *sɡruːmʔ, *kʰruːm
|
| 歁
|
*kʰluːmʔ, *kʰluːb
|
| 勘
|
*kʰluːms
|
| 磡
|
*kʰuːms
|
| 墈
|
*kʰuːms
|
| 偡
|
*r'uːmʔ
|
| 碪
|
*ʔl'um
|
| 椹
|
*ʔl'um
|
| 揕
|
*ʔl'ums
|
| 踸
|
*l̥ʰumʔ
|
| 鍖
|
*l̥ʰumʔ
|
| 斟
|
*kljum
|
| 諶
|
*ɡljum
|
| 愖
|
*ɡljum
|
| 瘎
|
*ɡljum
|
| 煁
|
*ɡljum
|
| 甚
|
*ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums
|
| 葚
|
*ɦljumʔ
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰluːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums, “extreme, profound”) — originally meaning “heavy mountain/earthen protrusion”, it later came to signify the act of “enduring” that earth's weight.
Etymology
Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese ခံ (hkam, “to receive; to endure”), Jingpho khàm (“to endure”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
| Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
|
| Character
|
堪
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
|
kān
|
Middle
Chinese
|
‹ khom ›
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*ˁm/
|
| English
|
able to bear
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. * as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003)
|
| Character
|
堪
|
| Reading #
|
1/1
|
| No.
|
11271
|
Phonetic
component
|
甚
|
Rime
group
|
侵
|
Rime
subdivision
|
3
|
Corresponding
MC rime
|
龕
|
Old
Chinese
|
/*kʰluːm/
|
Definitions
堪
- may; can; to be capable of; to be able to
- to bear; to stand; to resist; to endure
- 不堪一擊／不堪一击 ― bùkānyījī ― cannot withstand a single blow
- (obsolete) protrusion in the earth
Compounds
Japanese
Kanji
堪
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
Readings
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
Pronunciation
Affix
堪 • (kan)
- to bear; to endure
- capable
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 堪 (MC khom).
Pronunciation
Hanja
Wikisource
堪 (eumhun 견딜 감 (gyeondil gam))
- Hanja form? of 감 (“to endure; to bear”).
- Hanja form? of 감 (“capable”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 불감 (不堪, bulgam)
- 감당 (堪當, gamdang, “coping with; managing”)
- 감내 (堪耐, gamnae, “perseverance”)
- 감인 (堪忍, gamin, “patience, forbearance”)
- 난감 (難堪, nan'gam, “being intolerable; being unbearable; embarrassment”)
- 감능 (堪能, gamneung, “patience, perseverance”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
堪: Hán Nôm readings: kham, khom, khăm
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